Notes on How to Write a Good Essay Example for Free

Notes on How to Write a Good EssayRobert Cormiers book Heroes opens by introducing us to the main character Francis Cassavant, a ex-military soldier, wounded by a grenade from when he fought in beingness War Two. There are three main characters in this book Francis, Larry and Nicole. Throughout this book Cormier gives an insight into how alone these characters interlock, with Francis bursting charge, to kill Larry LaS exclusivelye. In the first chapter of this book Cormier introduces us to the main character of Francis Cassavant, and how he is presented as a hero this chapter is based entirely on his bearing after a grenade attack from when he fought in the war. Francis appearance has obviously changed dramatically as he refers to his face as a gargoyle and that he has no face. Francis excessively refers to himself as the hunchback of Notre Dame and that he is ugly with no ears to speak of and the absence of my nose. This suggests that that he has been in a distasteful acci dent and instantly makes you empathise, and discover sorry for him, scarce as you further progress through the book you see that maybe that Francis isnt the hero and as innocent as he seems at first glance.To add further detail Cormier describes his nostrils as two small caves. This portrays his face as almost standardised a monster or a mutant. We can infer from the text that Francis has low self esteem and has little or no confidence in himself and when his doctor says befoolt expect anyone to pick you for a dance doesnt really help with the fact when he knows hes non normal. Francis hides his face with scarves, a hat and a bandage fastened with safety pins, hiding his face tell us that he does not indispensableness to be recognised or perhaps to be seen by anyone he knows in French township. pile glance at me in surprise and I dont blame them shows that Francis is obviously repulsed and disgusted by the way he looks but isnt afraid to say so, and also if he looks terrifying and repulsive, he isnt waiver to be thought of as a hero. After in depth of describing the physical description of Francis, Cormier and then turn tails on to the main plot, Francis mission to kill Larry LaSalle, dropping in little hints and sending up an our father and ail Mary and glory be for Larry LaSalle, and sending up prayers for Nicole Renard, instantly rescue all the three main characters to giveher but lock keeping them separate and not knowing why they are interlocked and how everything is more complicated then it seems behind the eyes of Francis, Larry and Nicole, and how Francis and possibly Larry could either be heroes or cowards.Making Francis seem like an innocent war hero is an interesting and unusual move to make because it makes you feel sorry for Francis at the beginning but as the story unfolds you see that in that respect is more than meets the eye active Francis and how his heroic shape isnt as heroic as it seems. One of the ways Cormier presents the concept of heroes is in chapter nine, the chapter when Larry LaSalle reveals he is going off to the shift the japs in the Second World War.So when the news first broke that Japan had bombed Pearl Harbour in an attack, a wave of frenzy and fear washed oer America. People had patriotic fever meaning that they werent just feeling patriotic about their country it was as though a fever had taken over and had plagued through everyone. That day Larry LaSalle stood before everyone in the wreck centre, his movie-star smile gone replace with grim faced determination he was ready to go and fight the japs he announced that he was going to war, he had anger that we had neer seen before flashing in his eyes.From the quote we realise that Larry is passionate about fighting for his country, but from the way he displays and announces that he is leaving and going to war and when he says none of that kids (referring to when the kids clap when he announces hes going to war) Im just doing what million s of others are doing he almost says it in a way that he wants to be recognised even more as a hero, and he also tries to make it seem as though its not important about what hes doing, but by the way he flaunts it he makes it seem like hes doing some great and powerful favour for America and the people of Frenchtown.This shows the concept of heroes because as soon as the opportunity comes along to be a hero, Larry will grab it in an instant and makes sure that everyone knows about it and about how its make him a hero. This chapter explains the events from Larry returning home, to the episode that happens at the end of the chapter and that is when we come to realise Francis hatred for Larry LaSalle. When the crowd are waiting for Larrys arrival, we see that he is depict as Lt. Lawrence LaSalle, US Marines Corps, holder of the silver star from this quote we can immediately see that he is being shown as a hero.He is also the star of newsreels and radiobroadcasts making his seem very important like a vip almost a god as far as the town are concerned. They describe him as a bright pied piper saying that he can get the towns children to follow him. It shows that he is quite a powerful and a big role model in the children of Frenchtown and maybe not only with children, the adults also seem to love, worship and adore him. In Larrys actual arrival those there to greet him add the heroic atmosphere.The town goes to greet him at the station, adults, old people and children from the wreck centre are all there to meet this so called hero. When he arrives you instantly remember his movie star smile revealing his popularity and confidence. We cheered this shows that he is loved and respected by his comrade people and people look up to him as a hero. You could still see a touch of Fred Astaire in his walk implying that he still is the same old Larry, but now lethal. Him being described as lethal implies that he has changed from coming back from the war hes thinner, sleeke r. My war hero people shout from the crowd. People are proud of him for fighting for their country, they really respect him. Ribbons and medals on his chest are a discernible representation of him being a hero. Physically the descriptions of Larry show how much he has changed from being a cool dancer to a slender, knife like putting to death machine he has now changed into a knife-like and lethal with sharper details, the hero that we saw before has now become a superhero in the towns eyes. You are our celebration the mayor proclaims to Larry, emphasising Larrys heroic status.He is now the towns hero when he is given the silver key to the urban center people would immediately think that he is of high heroic status is the mayor gives him something so important to the city. When he gives his big speech he says we bring to keep the world safe for these young people saying this he is almost trying to cover up for what he does later. At the celebration, towards the end Larry tries to get Francis to leave the wreck centre, so he can have one last dance with Nicole, he says that this is important and he manipulates Francis. Just me and her alone makes it feel like something terrible is going to happen. So Francis leaves, Ive got to go, you and Larry stay. One last dance his words sounding false as though Larry placed them in his mouth.She wants him to stay and watch but he leaves, to his and Nicoles misfortune. When the attack happens, it shows just how unheroic and cowardly both Larry and Francis are. In the shadows of the hallway Francis lurks waiting for Nicole to leave the Wreck centre, but then Larry does the most inexplicable, disgusting thing, he sexually assaulted her. A sound that could have been a moan and a rustle of clothing even though Francis knew something was going on in there, he still couldnt pluck the courage to go see if his girlfriend was alright. When she stumbles out of the hallway she sees Francis, and he saw the betrayal of her in her eye s as she runs apart, Francis hears Larry, this now shows how wrong people were about Larry and about how he is not a hero but something of the grapple opposite whistling the tune-dancing in the dark as though he had done nothing wrong, that this was normal.Its amazing that the heart makes no hoo-ha when it cracks Francis is truly heartbroken, and it shows just how cowardly Francis and Larry can both be. In chapter 14, we see how much of a hero Francis could be when we finally get to the part where he goes to kill Larry LaSalle, Larry is no longer a hero. When he sees Larry you can see that Larrys physical appearance has changed drastically as hes icteric with age, a bit feeble now, and fragile now, with white hands. Larry is not innocent and no longer a hero. Francis explains his unpredicted visit, with a gun in his hands. Larry rises slowly from his chair as Francis begins to question him.You were our hero Larry was their hero, he did everything for the people of Frenchtown an d now his heroic status had just go through the roof, no more sweet young things Larry says, saying as though its normal to sexually assault someone whos young. Even there heat is sweet he says giving Francis even more of a reason to kill him, but he falters when Larry says does that on sin wipe away all the good things. He falters because hes probably thinking about what he did for him, with the Table tennis and if it wasnt for Larry renewing the Wreck Centre, Francis would never had been with Nicole, with all these mixed emotions and feelings Francis walks away. But when Francis walks away the sound of a pistol shot cracks in the air Larry LaSalle had shot himself.Cormier presents the idea of heroes in his novel, one by setting it in the time of World War Two, which has lots of potential for heroes because theirs the concept of being a soldier. He also presents the idea of heroes by making two characters seem like heroes at first glance but then stripping them of their heroic s tatus by things that come to haunt them from the agone that had never been dealt with. Also with Nicole Renard and how she is the innocent victim in this and how one incident made both Francis and Larry cowards and very un-heroic.

Bees Disappearance Essay Example for Free

Bees Disappearance EssayA new federal depict blames a combination of problems for a mysterious and dramatic disappearance of U. S. honeybees since 2006. The intertwined factors cited include a parasitic mite, multiple viruses, bacteria, poor nutrition, genetics, habitat loss and pesticides. The multiple causes serve it harder to do something ab step to the fore whats called colony collapse disorder, experts say. The disorder has caused as much as one-third of the nations bees to just disappear each winter since 2006. Bees, especially honeybees, are needed to pollinate crops. The federal report, issued Thursday by the Agriculture Department and the Environmental Protection Agency, express the biggest culprit is the parasitic mite varroa destructor, calling it the one most detrimental pest of honeybees. The problem has also hit bee colonies in Europe, where regulators are considering a ban on a type of pesticides known as neonicotinoids that some environmental groups blame fo r the bee collapse. The U. S. report cites pesticides, but near the bottom of the list of factors. And federal officials and researchers advising them said the science doesnt justify a ban of the pesticides yet.whitethorn Berenbaum, a top bee researcher from the University of Illinois, said in an interview that she was extremely dubious that banning the pesticide would have any effect on bee health. She participated in a large conference of scientists that the government brought together last year to figure out whats going on, and the new report is the result of that conference. Berenbaum said more than cytosine different chemicals not just the pesticides that may be banned in Europe have been found in bee colonies. Scientists find it hard to calculate how they oppose in different dosages and at different combinations, she said.Some of these chemicals harm the immune systems of bees or amplify viruses, said Penn State University bee expert Diana Cox-Foster. At a discussion con ference Thursday, Sonny Ramaswamy, a top USDA official, said the scientific consensus is that there are multiple factors and you cant parse any one out to be the smoking gun. USDA bee researcher Jeff Pettis also cited modern farming practices that often leave little forage area for bees. Dave Gaulson of the University of Stirling in Scot dry land, who conducted a vignette last year that implicated the chemical, said he cant disagree with the overall conclusions of the U.S. government report.However, he said it could have emphasized pesticides more. The environmental group, Pesticide challenge Network North America blasted the federal government for not following Europes lead in looking at a ban of trustworthy pesticides. Pollinators, like honeybees, are crucial to the U. S. food supply. About $30 billion a year in agriculture depends on their health, said Ramaswamy. Besides fashioning honey, honeybees pollinate more than 90 flowering crops. Among them are a variety of fruits an d vegetables apples, nuts, avocados, soybeans, asparagus, broccoli, citrus fruit and cranberries.About one-third of the human diet comes from insect-pollinated plants, and the honeybee is obligated for 80 percent of that pollination. It affects virtually every American whether they realize it or not, said EPA acting administrator Bob Perciasepe. Zac Browning, a fourth-generation commercial beekeeper who has hive in Idaho, North Dakota and California, said the nation is on the brink of not having enough bees to pollinate its crops. University of Maryland entomologist David Inouye, who was not part of the federal report, said he agrees that there are multiple causes. Its not a simple situation.If it were one factor we would have identified it by now, he said. Inouye, president-elect of the Ecological parliamentary procedure of America, said the problems in Europe and United States may be slightly different. In America, bee hives are trucked from farm to farm to pollinate large trac ts of land and that may help spread the parasites and disease, as nearly as add stress to the colonies, while in Europe they stay put so those issues may not be as big a factor. At the news conference, Berenbaum said theres no single solution to the U. S. bee problem Were not really well equipped or even used to fighting on multiple fronts.

Organizational Behavior-Communication Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior-Communication Essay1. Present which channels of communications should be emphasized and how these channels pass on be used to ensure that the traditional departments (e.g., IT, gentlemans gentleman resources, customer service, and sales) at SWC passing gamequarters nonplus necessary accurate and by the way discipline.Communication in an organization or gild is very chief(prenominal) in achieving goals and objectives. It is oftentimes used in relaying information, capacitys and issues that concern the success of a company or organization. It is the medium used by most of the high ranking officials and members to have an organized and timely delivery of information in every shoes or department for instance. Various types of communication or channels had been used. These communication channels are used by the companies to convey and interact well with the employees in order to improve and attain growth of the organization.There are two types of cha nnelsindirect and direct communication. Indirect communication is used when the interaction is non face-to-face. It uses medium such as different types of technologies like computers, monitors and among others. The most common type of indirect communication is the teleconferencing. On the other hand, direct communication is a face-to-face type of communication. This is common when altogether of the members of the team are present in reasonable matchless area.2. Which channels will be key to those relieve oneself teams with all members located within headquarters?In the case of SWC, all of the members of the team are within the headquarters, it is best to use direct communication. In relaying this message , a memo can be sent to the members of the team to inform them of the activity that will be done within the headquarters. It is a common acquaintance that doing a hurting or gathering within a certain place when all of the people are present, it is best to employ the direct c ommunication.If the head of the department do non have the time to write a memo the most common thing done is to send an email to the members stating the information and issues that should be discussed and later on meet face-to-face with the members. It is non advisable that the attractor will just send an email to all the members even if all are present within one area. On the other hand, an email might be good to relay the information fast and easy save still it connotes something to the members. The members might think that the leader of the team is not interested in talking with them. So, in that respect are also strengths and weaknesses of these channels. But in this case, a good leader nurtures a relationship with the members by dint of constant cordialization, constant talking with them and assuring that the company is still wants them and will be like a friend that whenever the company decides to change leadership and people the members will be the first to know. It i s showing of sincerity with the members of the team.In a study done by the Harvard business school, they projected what a good manager is. They found out that the effective manager spends more than 80 percent of their time in interacting with their effect and staff. Furthermore, their study said that interaction and conversations within the working area is important in leading a company or organization. It is human capital and social capital that is working in order to achieve and create what the company wants such as increasing productivity while enhancing innovation. In another inquiry done by Ron Burt from the University of Chicago, a leading researcher on the social capital of managers has found, through numerous studies, that certain patterns of connections that individuals build with others brings them higher pay, earlier promotions, greater influence, better ideas and overall greater career success. Burt believes that good social capital provides a much higher return on inv estment in human capital the two work together. (Krebs, 2005)In another research done at the Norwegian school of economics, a manager or team leader with a better social networking were more productive since they are sincere with their work, they can easily coordinate with the members without hesitation and coordinate tasks in order to give over a certain project and accomplish the goals and objectives of the project (Krebs, 2005).3. We may have virtual self-managed teams with members located in different parts of the world. The members have yet to meet each other. These teams are each focusing on designing and delivering specific products to certain customers by designated dates.On the other hand, while face-to-face interaction is important in achieving productivity the introduction of conglomerate technologies cannot be ignored. Some of the teams of SWC are located in various areas where there is difficulty of shock face-to-face. In this lovely of interaction, teleconferencin g has been used by umpteen organizations and companies in order to hold a meeting or to discuss an issue that concerns the company. Also, one of the successful interactions is through networking. This technology helps individuals communicate with each other even if it is across the world. It is a laborious and costly though but once it is set up many of the staff outside the headquarters will benefit from it. From this networking there will be better information attend and exchange of communication among the team members(Lussier, 2005)If SWC were to count on the virtual self-managed teams, below are some key areas that would be evaluated.A virtual self-managed team has been around the globe today. It is used by the outsourcing companies such as call centers, medical transcriptionist, and even tutorials online. Through the introduction of the technology people have embraced this and been nurturing and disseminating it to the others. But before going into a deeper context of the vi rtual self-managed team, a creation of this team is very important such as choosing the right person to manage and disseminate information.There are a lot of criteria in choosing the person. One of this is the knowledge and skills on the technology that will be used in the entire implementation of the project or program. Individuals who are adept with various types of technologies and willing to be trained again and again just to ensure that there will be no problems later on in the implementation. Individuals who have lots of connections and networks that can assist them with their problems in terms of technology. Individuals who are willing to share later on their knowledge and not be tacit most the new information and studies so that there will be transfer of skills., and someone that cannot only design programs but can facilitate information flow and sharing of knowledge.a. What communication channel(s) would you recommend for the initial meeting? For the initial meeting of the team, it would be best that is done face-to-face. This is the first meeting so it should build plangency with each other. Even if there are the use of technologies later on, at least during the initial meeting and introduction of each other there already a communication among them.b. What communication channel(s) would you recommend as key interactions (you are not limited to those channels listed in the exhibit)?Later on, after the initial meeting the team can discuss issues through teleconferencing, phone calls, chat messengers and among others that might not require the presence of each other and spend costly fares just to be in one place. Organization of the issues beforehand is also important because this will identify how urgent the meeting should be or is it just one of the meetings and phone calls would be enough.c. Explain how these teams will meet the challenges of each of the stages of group/team development.Engaging in this kind of set-up, virtual self-managed team, is difficult to maintain though. It will require energy because this does not only entail communication but it also needs feedback and education (source) among the team members. In order to meet these challenges there should be a constant communication even it is called virtual because through this monitoring can be done as well as learning along the way.d. What challenges does diversity present? What must be done to meet these challenges?Diversity in people is very challenging. Every person has its own personality, acculturation and attitude. Constant learning through trainings can be a good answer to it.e. From a communications point of view, what are the advantages and what are the disadvantages of virtual self-managed-teams? practical(prenominal) self-managed team is cost-effective. The only costs that will be incurred are the gadgets that will be used during the networking and conferencing. It can also be done anywhere and anytime of the day. incisively put the set up and voil a there will be a meeting in the middle of beach. On the other hand, it has also disadvantages. Since it will not require the presence of the person it does not nurture a relationship and does not build rapport among the team. Oftentimes than not, the reaction and the feelings will be not be felt if it is only in the monitor or phone calls. Conversations can be faked and might build walls.

Factors Affecting Health Communication Campaigns

Factors Affecting Health talk CampaignsA comparison of tender immunodeficiency computer virus Aids and Polio Campaigns in Aligargh, Uttar PradeshIntroductionLast two decades of the century has seen a renewed interest in the field of wellness communicating, disease streak and health promotion. This was beca call it was realized that continued investments in clinical health research brings diminish returns if it is not accompanied with st set outgic information, education and communication(IEC) efforts. (Pencheon, Guest, Melzer, Gray, 2004)Public and government health departments are rich with tacit knowledge regarding health communication practices and the line of act ass encountered with the population in their geographical area. However this information is rarely collected and written down due to lack of resources.Effective communication can spread knowledge, value and companionable norms. This can be instrumental in come acrossing behaviour and improving the over-all heal th status of the population.India faces a dual challenge in tackling the problem of human immunodeficiency virus Aids and Polio. First is the overall high population and poor maintenance conditions of people living in small towns and villages, and countenance is the complex socio- cultural factors which add to poor ken and stigma attached to these diseases.It is important to take in these factors which affect the impact of health communication campaigns in a particular geo-graphical sub strategy if a comprehensive micro understanding of this field has to be generated. provided there always exists a gap between the people who design health communication campaigns and the campaign implementers. An assessment and feed-back from the grass root level implementers needfully to be taken if this gap has to be effectively filled.This research hopes to uncover these insights which allow be useful not only to the academics but in like manner to the practitioners.Literature reviewHeal th talkHealth communication involves the use of communication strategies by experts in national health domain to influence the health behaviour of people.It is a link between health sustenance practices and communication which has a portentous impact on influencing individual and federation behaviour towards health and thereby a huge potential to significantly improve their life. (Neil Mckee, 2004)human immunodeficiency virus AIDSThe human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function. As the contagion progresses, the immune system becomes weaker, and the person becomes more susceptible to infections. The or so advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It can take 10-15 years for an HIV- infect person to bugger off AIDS antiretroviral drugs can slow down the process even further.HIV is transmitted by means of unprotected sexual intercour se (anal or vaginal), transfusion of contaminated blood, manduction of contaminated needles, and between a m otherwise and her infant during pregnancy, kidskinbirth and breastfeeding.Global role load HIV AidsIn countries most heavily affected, HIV has reduced life expectancy by more than 20 years, slowed economic growth, and deepened class poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa alone, the epidemic has orphaned nearly 12 million children aged less than 18 years. The natural age distribution in many a(prenominal) national populations in sub-Saharan Africa has been dramatically skewed by HIV, with potentially perilous consequences for the transfer of knowledge and values from one generation to the next. In Asia, where infection rates are much lower than in Africa, HIV causes a greater loss of productivity than any other disease, and is likely to push an supernumerary 6 million households into poverty by2015 unless national responses are strengthened (Commission on AIDS in Asia, 2008). According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), HIV has inflicted the single greatest reversal in human development in modern history (UNDP, 2005).Fig 1.1 A global view of HIV transmitting (UNAIDS, 2008)The current statistics on HIV/AIDS as published by UNAIDS (2008) areEstimatePeople living with HIV/AIDS33.0 millionAdults living with HIV/AIDS30.8 millionWomen living with HIV/AIDS15.5 millionChildren living with HIV/AIDS2.0 millionPeople newly infected with HIV in 20072.7 millionChildren newly infected with HIV in 20070.37 millionAIDS deaths in 20072.0 millionChild AIDS deaths in 20070.27 millionFig. 1.2 -Current Statistics on HIV AidsGlobal Health Communication initiatives for HIV AidsEducation Entertainment Approach The soulfulness City, South Africa (Goldstein, Japhet, E.Scheepers, 2004)South Africa even though a developed country had a wretched health care system, mainly due to long years of apartheid practices. In late 1990s Dr Garth Japhet, a young doctor obs erved this at Alex clinic.He observed that the health communication efforts in South Africa where very shibboleth based and not sustainable. Bursts of employment like discipline Aids day were not enough. There was no formative research before planning these campaigns. More over the campaigns followed a slip by Down undertake, and lacked synergies between medical community, government and media.Soul City was an extensive multi media campaign started in South Africa, due to the efforts of Dr Garth Japhet.The whole campaign was a accretion of mass media campaigns which were connected and implemented year on year. There was a 13 part prime time- television series called Soul city, which was accompanied by a 60 episode radio show. Even though content of both these shows was not similar yet they both highlighted same health issues. later on on printed IEC material was alike developed and distributed based on the characters of Soul City. These booklets were also reviewed by 11 top newspapers of the country. Through 1994 to 1999 five series of Soul city were broadcasted. These were consisted rated as top three most watched drama series in South Africa.The Radio program also got very high listenership ratings. shaping research and high creative input went into designing the IEC material which was targeted uniquely to adults and young population.The key to success of Soul City multimedia system program was use of media conversion, from print to radio to television. This encouraged inter-personal discussions close health issues. instructionLocally developed content which has quality entertainment works intimatelyFor a multimedia educational model to succeed it should return value to all the stake holdersMedia advocacy leads to policy and social changeA continual and integrated multimedia strategy is necessary if the effect of communication has to be sustained.A offst Stigma ACT UP, United States of America (Documents archive/Act Up explained)Stigma is a proble m which plagues every country and becomes a very important factor in HIV + people seeking help and coming out in earthly concern .The Aids Coalition to unleash power , is one such organisation which attempts to remove this stigma with bold and creative fulfil. They boldly use their slogan Silence = Death which urges people to speak up about HIV and Aids.They seek to normalize talks about condoms and Aids by radical action like sticking posters on telephone booths which say this telephone has been touched by a person with AidsPublic demonstrations at churches, baseball fields, circumvent Street etc are held to imply that Aids is everybodys business. Once during a Sunday sermon session in New York the ACT UP activists did staged a mass die in outside to highlight the bishops silence on Aids.ACT UP activists use linguistic symbols to make strong statements like -No, baseball glove No Love and Aids is no ball game. These were apply as places like Shea baseball stadium.LearningACT U P founder Larry Kramer studied the commove against stigma by Mahatma Gandhi and Dr Martin Luther King and suitably adapted it for modern day audienceUse of creative and clutter breaking ideas helps discussion and normalization of subtle issues like stigmaUse of public demonstration, Sit ins and Die ins helps create buzz and social change.Health communication efforts for HIV Aids in IndiaThe home(a) Aids Control Program (UNAIDS, 2008)Every State in India has an Aids prevention and Control Society which under supervision from NACO carries out local initiatives.The second Stage of National Aids control program (NACP) ended on March 2006.This focussed on several(a) platforms to promote youth education about safe sex, safe blood donation and HIV testing. Various platforms like Street plays, concerts, national aids day, TV and radio spots, and celebrity endorsements were utilised.Use of teachers and associate group influencers was done to disseminate knowledge about HIV aidsThe third stage of NACP leave behind keep back a strong focus on condom promotion. The installation of over 11,000 condom vending machines in colleges, road-side restaurants, stations, gas stations and hospitals has been done. With promote from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the government has also initiated a campaign called Condom Bindas Bol, which involves advertising, public events and celebrity endorsements. It aims to break the taboo that currently surrounds condom use in India, and to persuade people that they should not be embarrassed to buy them. (Shhhhnot anymore)Various multi-media campaigns get to been implemented in India to create awareness about HIV.These include special(prenominal) communication programs to target special audience like sex workers, truck drivers, and street children. Radio programs are broadcasted on a regular basis to disseminate information. Field publicity units, romp and song division has been set up to target rural India. Aids hotlines with around 1097 toll free numbers have been set up in major cities of India.A very successful program has been the University Talk Aids (UTA program), which covered 4,044 institutions in India and reached out to 3.5 million students. The program was implemented by National Service Scheme with assistance from WHO and NACO.Independent evaluation suggested that the program was highly successful in creating a healthy attitude about sex among young childrenCommunication regarding Condom promotionSocial marketing of Condoms combined with free distribution has been used to promote usage among general public as well as high risk groups. Department of Family welfare has been instrumental in distribution and supply of condoms.Family Health Awareness CampaignThis campaign was focussed on creating awareness about RTI and STI among the general public as well as the field level functionaries. This campaign is organised annually in rural as well as urban slum areas. (Shaukat Mohammed, 2003)Reaching Special AudiencesReaching Men who have Sex with men (MSM) Case interpret Naz origin Trust of India (Rakesh, 2002) undercoat India with a very high population runs the risks of very high PLHA even if a low prevalence rate of HIV is present. Even though most sources of infection are through hetero-sexual sex yet in real areas like north -eastern India, IDU becomes a dominant factor for HIV transmission.Strategy The Naz foundation was set up in 1994 to address sexual health issues of MSM, women, truck drivers and PLHA.The key communication objectives wereCommunication about modes of transmissionPrevention and risk minify strategiesMeans of accessing treatmentThe intervention strategies utilised wereCommunity outreach Nine outreach sites which were staffed with officers who provided information on safe sexual health practices, condom usage and provided referralsSTI referrals A non judgemental approach to STI risk patients was followed. STI clinics were set up with a MSM friendly physiciansSocial and Group meetings support groups were formed to help MSM and create a freer environment for information supervene uponCounselingTelephone hot lines and personal counselling was set up to address MSM concernsResults The implementation of Naz foundation strategies was evaluated and it showed a number of positive results. An increase from 11 % to 43% for all time condom usage ,the STI clinic visits increased from 24% to 56%, and condom usage by male sex workers increased from 20% to 43 %LearningNaz foundation realized that in order to reach out to special audiences tailored solutions are necessary.Some risk groups like effeminate partners of MSMs are very difficult to reach and hence intensive efforts are needed in this area.Reaching out to Injecting Drug Users (IDU) Case Study IDUs in New Delhi India (Dorabjee, 1998)Background In some cities of India like New Delhi the HIV prevalence rate among IDU users is as high as 85%.The Indian nongovernm ental organization Sharan has been working for IDU since 1979,and has done some breakthrough work in this area.(AIDS Analysis Asia ,1996).Strategy IDU were motivated to join any drug substitution therapy which confused modify drug injections to oral drug usage or needle exchange program where the registered IDU users vouched to stop exchanging needles during drug usage.The reason behind the success of this program was that it managed to develop a strong trust among IDU users because it employed recovering drug users as outreach workers. Constant feedback was sought from them and the program was modified accordingly.The IEC approaches used were counselling, peer education, information on sexual transmission of HIV aids, condom distribution and drug use prevention programs.Results33 % of registered IDU started taking oral drugs instead of Injections21% stopped sharing needlesUse of advocacy resulted in government accepting the use of harm reduction strategies for IDU usersLearningP olitical support is necessary for the success of any IEC cypher on sensitive issues. This can be influenced through strong advocacyIncorporating feedbacks by outreach workers and IDU can significantly increase the impact of the campaignA arrange of clinical, social and communication services are required to meet the purpose of HIV prevention among IDU usersAddressing the mobile population Case Study the Trucker universe of discourse of India (Bhoruka, 2001)There are about 50 million trucker population in India, who spend around ten months away from home. Around 70% of these conduct in unprotected extra marital sex (UNAIDS, 2006).HIV infection is high in this segment along with a high STI danger. A major obstructor is that these truck drivers do not use condoms for road side sex as it regarded as a re-creational activity.Strategy The Bhoruka public welfare trust (BPWT), act to reach these truck drivers through free tea parlours set up at 5 main route stops in India. These tea p arlours offered a meeting ground for the truck drivers and offered tea, newspaper, TV and other forms of entertainment. However no prostitution or drugs were encouraged. Condoms, clinical counselling and STI medical referrals were offered at a subsidized rate.The most important aspect was focus on peer education and counselling. As these truck drivers discussed about their life, peer educators gave them counselling and information. Parking lots were used as another reaching stop where peer educator gave out condoms and IEC material.This program became so successful that various truck drivers themselves became informal peer educators. The tea-shops were also managed by truck drivers or sex workers. Informal truck driver peer educators were later trained and precondition certificates to become formal peer educators and work in these tea shops.Small motivational incentives like bags and pens were also offered to these truck drivers as well as informal peer educators.ResultsEvery tea midriff reaches out to close to 48,000 people annually, provides subsidised treatment to 2,200 patients .Fifty percent of these patients are treated for STIsAround 200 truck drivers had been trained as peer educators by the year 2000The condom social marketing component of this program was very successful, with steady increase in condom sales. Till 2000 there were 104,832 sold and 162 agile condom distribution set up.LearningA high level of motivation should be maintained amongst the peer development groups.Its important to have support of all the stakeholders for the success of any ICE program.Poliomyelitis ( infantile paralysis)Poliomyelitis ( infantile paralysis) is a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children. The virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water, and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system. Many infected people have no symptoms, but do excrete the virus in their faeces, hence transmitting infec tion to others.Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs. In a small cor doence of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. Polio can only be prevented by immunization (World Health Organisation)Global Case load PolioPolio cases have decreased by over 99% since 1988, from an estimated 350 000 cases in more than 125 endemic countries then, to 1997 reported cases in 2006. In 2008, only parts of four countries in the world remain endemic for the disease the smallest geographic area in history.In 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) Region of the Americas (36 countries) was certified polio-free, followed by westbound Pacific Region (37 countries and areas including China) in 2000 and the WHO European Region (51 countries) in June 2002.In 2007, more than 400 million children were immunized in 27 countries during 164 supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). Globally, polio surveilla nce is at historical highs, as represented by the timely detection of cases of acute flaccid paralysis.Persistent pockets of polio transmission in northern India, northern Nigeria and the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan are key epidemiological challenges.As long as a single child remains infected with polio, children in all countries are at risk of contracting the disease. The poliovirus can easily be imported into a polio-free country and can spread apace among unimmunised populations. Between 2003 and 2005, 25 previously polio-free countries were re-infected due to importations.The four polio-endemic countries are Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan.Global Health Communication efforts for metre PolioStrategic communication efforts in Afghanistan (Rafiqi, 2004)The Pulse polio eradication program of Afghanistan faced stiff challenges due to illiteracy, resistance, inaccessibility and worsening security conditions.Strategic approach for Polio health communication in Af ghanistan focussed on advocacy, social mobilization, communication to support the program and training.Advocacy was achieved by involving top leaders at every program launch, and getting them involved at all levels by sharing epidemiological data. Social mobilization through involvement of religious leaders, mosque and prayer announcements, and inter-personal communication. Television and Radio was also utilized. Communication to support the program was achieved through district and community based forums which encouraged discussions, dedicated community specific social mobilization workers were employed and training was given to Imams and other religious leaders. Print media was used effectively for brochures, banners and leaflets.LearningIts a challenge to shift the focus of health communication from campaign type to sustainable communicationAdvocacy at highest level is instrumental to success of the campaignUse of local facilities like mosques, bazaars, mobile loudspeakers etc l ead to effective social mobilizationAppropriate mix of print and radio can effectively reach mobile populationEstablish strong relationship with religious leaders arouse health education through health facilities as well as private practitionersEnsure all factions of community are involved including womenPolio immunization efforts through public health education efforts in West Africa. (African Science Academy Development Initiative (ASADI), 2005)Nigeria faced a major challenge when polio vaccination was stalled in northern areas due to huge negative controversy in local as well international media regarding the safety of these oral medicines. Moreover allot of trusted religious leaders also spoke out against the vaccine.To fight this drastic loss of acceptance of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), a strong communication plan was developed with the objective that each child should get OPV drops.This was achieved through heightened advocacy through large scale public flag offs of campaigns, d irect involvement of the president, working with the private companies including telecom companies, and engagement of religious as well as community networks.To focus on community education community mobilizers were assigned to high risk area, traditional media like street theatre, town criers, mobile cinema and folk songs were utilized. Mass media like TV spots and radio jingles were also integratedEffective use of Media for behaviour change was used. This included broadcasting in national languages, special programs for minority groups, sound projection of human interest stories to create positive dialogue, folk media, community theatre and mobile cinema followed by dialogue.Success of this campaign can be driven by the fact that the demand for immunization and OPV drops substantially increased. The OPV controversy was effectively resolved, along with support from key stake holders.Learning demeanour Change through public education and integrated mass and traditional campaigns c an effectively result in more demand and acceptance of polio immunization.Health communication efforts for Polio IndiaReducing resistance and increasing community dialogue Meerut, Uttar Pradesh (United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) India, 2007)Meerut is one of the regions of Uttar -Pradesh which is seen as high risk for the polio endemic. A highly innovative social mobilization campaign was implemented in Meerut, which involvedUse of distinct influencers Three teams of 35 Urdu teachers,24 kirana store owners and Hajis (people who have established Haj pilgrimage )were involved in these teams.Close to 25,000 primary schools were approached on republic day, to formulate the children, inform them of the dates of immunisation so that better participation is achieved.Mosques were approached to educate the community. Their participation increase from 61% in January 2007 to 74% in February 2007.Meetings on a regular basis were conducted with mothers and daughter in laws, to discuss poli o and child health issues.Booklets were published which contained poems written by local influential poets. These boosted the morale of health workers and also worked as strong advocacy measure.Due to these innovative techniques Meerut save the lowest no. of resistant households in Uttar Pradesh in 2007.LearningPolio needs to be incorporated as a part of overall child health program .Consistent, open and on-going dialogue with all factions of community is necessary.Use of innovative techniques to create interest Polio turkey (Kher, 2007)Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), employ Manchanda Jha to dress up as a joker and attract kids to polio booths .He sings songs about polio, does tricks, engages children and gives information about the importance of polio drops alongside.When dances and sings Chal chale polio boothpe hum sathiyoon, chalke do boondh jeevan ke le sathiyon the children are not only humoured but also an important message has been delivered.He became so success ful that he came to be called Polio Joker popularly. He has been instrumental in reaching out to care-givers and kids in slum areas. This program was implemented for three years and has very high recall value.LearningNew entertaining techniques need to be implemented if communication has to reach childrenCommunication methods should be tailored to meet the needs of high risk areas. rule of the researchHealth status of a country is influenced by a number of factors like food, water, income, sanitation, education and accessibility to health care services. Health communication campaigns and health services dont exist in a vacuum but are influenced by external socio-economic, cultural and factors.These factors play an important part on how health information education and communication campaigns are designed, implemented and finally received by the target audience.These factors also influence policies, resource allocation, technology, training of medical staff and communication strategi es used. These in turn shape the health services system of a particular region.Studies which have documented the health communication efforts have restricted themselves to an analysis at national level. It will be not surprising to find that in a complex nation like India various sub-systems exist, and every sub-system might influence the message in its own way.HIV AIDS and Polio are two major health concerns faced by Indian population. On-going and consistent efforts are made to educate people regarding these. However again within a geographic sub-system people might react and respond both these campaigns in a differential manner owing to a variety of factors like sensitivity of the issue, complexity of the message and stigma.Through this study I wish to explore these factors which affect the impact of health communication campaigns of HIV Aids and Polio, in a geographic sub-system.Research ObjectivesThrough the analysis of the books review and recommendation of my guide the follo wing research objectives have been identifiedTo understand the health communication processes and initiatives undertaken for HIV Aids and Polio prevention/care at a sub-system, grass root level.To hear factors which lead to an differential impact of these health communication campaignsTo suggest improvements ,if possible, to current health communication practices followed in the geographic sub-systemResearch AreasHealth communication campaigns which will be studied extensively areAgainst HIV-AidsThese will include the communication efforts in the area of prevention (transmission through mother to child, sexual transmission and primary prevention) and against stigma.Against Pulse PolioCampaigns for polio education and routine immunisation will be studied.This study aims to understand the use of traditional media, electronic and human channel employed at the grass root level. What are the problems faced in implementation, what are the intermediary factors which affect them, and what measures are taken to combat these problems.An evaluation of these campaigns will also be conducted based on how much has the target audience been receptive to them, and responded by either positive action or behaviour change.Ultimately both these campaigns will be compared and contrasted to arrive at the differentiating factors which impact the outcome of these.Research Methodology bod OneAn extensive secondary research will be done to establish a foundation for the primary research.The literature review provides certain learning about different methods of strategic health communication. This learning will be taken forward to secondary research where the focus will be unbroken on the grass root health communication initiatives undertaken in the chosen sub-system.In addition a case study method will be employed to shape up the key focus areas for the primary research.stage twoThis phase will consist of primary research will be essentially qualitative and exploratory in nature. The purpose of this type of research methodology is to generate basic knowledge on relevant areas, discover associated factors, and identify information gaps.Data collection and AnalysisSecondary research will consist of data collection from online sources, medical and communication journals as well as reports.Various performance reports and internal documents which are generated at the primary sub-system level will also be looked into gather data.Expert In-depth interviews will be conducted to gain more understanding on the subject. It is important to note that the interviews will be open -ended and flexible to generate maximum insights.These interviews will involve extensive probe and will utilize the technique of laddering, An interview guideline will however be prepared for a comprehensive and systematic execution.Similar technique of in-depth interviews will also be employed to collect information from target audience regarding the appeal of the campaigns.The reason why in-depth-i nterviews will be used over other methods of data collection isIt is flexibleIt provides in-depth information about areas to be coveredSince the area of study is very specialised it provides scope for clarificationSome of the issues which needs to be discussed are personal in nature, a face to face and private discussion is necessaryLike other techniques, this tool also suffers from certain limitations. It is prone to bias andlargely depend on the skill of the interviewer. It is an expensive technique, can be timeconsuming and responses may be difficult to interpret. The bodily structure of the interview is notclearly defined unlike a survey and so same questions may not be asked to all the respondentsArea of StudyThe chosen geographical sub-system for the primary research is Aligarh in UP. The reasons behind this are the followingNorthern UP has a relatively high prevalence rate of HIV AIDSIts one of the few areas in India which is still Polio EndemicFamiliarity with the local lan guageInitial contacts are availableTimeframe of the studyPhase one- November till mid-December 2009Phase two/primary research Mid December to January 2010SamplingSampling universe consists of all the experts in the area of the study, and the population to which the health communica

Marxist Theory of Crime: An Overview and Analysis

bolshy Theory of Crime An Overview and AnalysisWhat pot a Marxist discretion of confederation contribute to criminological theory?Marxist misgiving of the partnership sets the tone by giving an economic analysis of the society that sees a yr struggle between the project and the middle shape. This struggle contains the attempts by the confinement to free themselves from the domination of the bourgeoisie as they seek to take over the means of production.As Chablis states, the capitalist society is where the means of production are in private hands and where the inevitably develops a division between the screen out that rules and the class that is ruled, it creates a substantial amount of crime (Chablis, 2016). Marxism is a conflict theory established to create a belief that the capitalist corpse is just a way in which the bourgeoisie control and exploit the proletariat. It underlines the unequal conflict between these two social classes in the society. Marxist appreciation of the society provides an comment or gives us the opportunity to understand the criminological theory from a different perspective. It perpetuates an dread of how the significant clefts between the social classes are the prime moderateness for poisonous acts, it explains this done the income gaps, the exploitation of profit through labour, using consumers as an instrument to the closing profit. Chablis Crime diverts the small-scaleer classes attention from the exploitation they put through and directs it towards other members of their own class rather than towards the capitalist class or the economic system. (Chablis, 2016) this reinforces the whole idea of capitalism structured moreover to favour the bourgeoisie as the full-bodied get richer and the poor get poorer. It likewise underlines how weve accepted being exploited as something natural and making ourselves wage slaves (i.e. slave to the market, low pay and precarious employment, to the petty tyranny of managers , to the crises of capitalism). This es evidence would address how the Marxist perspective comes into play in contributing to the criminological theory.The mode of production consists of some(prenominal) the means of production (the technological process) and the relationship of different classes to the means of production. The distinction between those who own and those who work for others is crucial. Often of the well-nigh violent sort, as a result,it emanate from the capitalist system. Chablis in his writing reinforces upon the prime Marxist factor in fellow feeling the criminological theory delinquent to the division of class, conflicts provoke and this manifests in rebellions and riots among the proletariats, the state, acting in interests of the owners of the means of production will pass laws designed to control, through the application of state-sanctioned force, those acts of the proletariat which threaten the interests of the bourgeoisie. This act is defined as crimina l. (Chablis, 2016) The capitalist system is one which is subject to the crisis, due to its structure and how it functions, Marx and Engel argue that capitalism brutalises the poor, it fosters immorality and creates a higher likelihood for people to want to set up a crime. This can be supported from Mertons idea of the strain theory he explains this theory using the idea of the American Dream. In this, he illustrates how the end goal, is to achieve the American dream, however, those who cant achieve this dream through legal means become delinquent in an attempt to achieve their goal in one way or the other. The structure of capitalism creates both the desire to consume and for a large mass of people. For those with the inability to earn the money requisite to purchase the items, they have been taught to want means they become delinquent. On this note, Marx would range, capitalism functions on this factors, without people being delinquent, capitalism cannot function as it thrives o n poverty, unemployment and crime. Marx would also further on say, the bourgeoisies power to create and make law is what provides power, work and ability to control and bend the rules in their favour. As also argued by Chablis, The criminal law is not a reflection of custom but is a set of rules laid down by the state in the interests of the ruling class. Due to class structure, criminal behaviour is now inevitable. Criminal behaviour is a product of the economic and political system in a capitalist society. (Chablis, 2016) ungodliness is simply not something that people have or dont have, crime is not something some people do and some dont. Crime is a matter of who can pin the label on whom and underlie this socio-political process is the structure of social relations determined by the political economy.so so, Marxist understanding of society contributes in making us understanding the criminological theory but illustrating how the unvarnished significant social gap amongst class contributes to the criminological theory.The starting point for the understanding of society is the realisation that the most fundamental feature of peoples lives is their relationship to the mode of production. Willem Bonger view on the criminological theory underlines that capitalism is a culture of egoism, greed, the rich legitimately but also criminally greedy, the poor illegitimately greedy. He illustrated how the criminal justice system permits the selfish greed of the rich but criminalises that of the poor. This shows that the system significantly favours one social class and on the other hand significantly criminalises the other. The war or fight against crime is one which cant be won. The criminal justice system doesnt help but rather create a system of policing and punishment which reproduces the problem of crime which springs re-offenders to re-offend. Marxist understanding of the society creates a premise that there is a causal system in play. The proletariat is consta ntly in the struggle of overthrowing the bourgeoisie to create a utopian society ruled by all people. The constant attempt of the proletariat in overthrowing the bourgeoisie means it gets defined as a crime and therefore the proletariats are classed as criminals. This is as a result of the bourgeoisie actively working to set laws in place that oppress the proletariat by creating crimes that target area the proletariat or put in place systems such(prenominal) as unemployment equals prison. As once the consumer cant consume at will, they become delinquent. So, therefore, Marxist understanding of society contributes to criminological theory in illustrating how the social gaps cause a causal effect where the bourgeoisie uses their power in making the proletariat delinquent.Marxist understanding of the society on criminological theory poses the notion that crime is an ideologic construct as they do not refer to those behaviours which objectively cause harm, injury and suffering. Marxist understanding denotes that the capitalist structure creates a state of illusion. In this, he explains how the bourgeoisie uses their control to keep the masses ignorant of their exploitation. These results in the isolation of the worker from the process of production, the lack of control over work mean that the person identifies themselves as a machine and therefore work appears alien. The remainder class system gap leaves the proletariat oppressed, with no power whatsoever to alleviate their situation. This then brings into light the whole idea of ideological control through the use of media in portraying an image of something which isnt necessarily the case. This, of course, depicts a false illusion and creates a society where people are unsure of their identity or in fact living a fake identity in and within their societies. This essentially means the proletariat are being set up to fail by the bourgeoisie and punished by the legal system when they do fail. As Greenberg states there must be something rotten in the precise core of a social system which increases its wealth without diminishing its misery, (Greenberg, 1993 54) Marxists understanding also believe that when it comes to crime, governments fabricate information to suit their purposes and to get public supporting for any action taken by that government that king be construed as trespassing on freedoms. Marx himself also recognises that we can observe in new times that the continuous repetition of mass incarceration has turned into an economic attempt. It creates jobs (in the legal profession and in law enforcement) and it creates new technologies (e.g., electronic tags). Furthermore, the existence of criminals might foster the feeling of societal cohesion among the law-abiding and among those who appear to be law-abiding. Law enforcement agency discretion in making arrests, prosecuting attorney discretion in refusing to take legal action dropping or reducing charges or going ahead with the pr osecution, judges discretion in setting sentences and discretion in releasing criminals from custody, all operates to the advantage of the bourgeoisie. The right to a lawyer benefited those who could afford such superior legal representation more than it benefited others. Significantly, Marxian criminologists began to see these discriminations not as an unfortunate product of prejudice on the part of isolated individuals, but rather as a reproduction of the inequalities in power that follow from the inequalities of the bourgeoisie.On the other hand, Marxist understanding also gave room for some questioning. The major problem with Marxist understanding makes an attempt to apply actions to people which are only applicable to a small minority. In addition to, the assumption or the conclusion that every form of crime that happens or occurs is due to the economic class struggle is tough to sustain. We must not dismiss the fact that Marxist understanding of the society doesnt contribute t o the criminological theory today but it is believable to say such views are invalid in todays society as Marxist understanding of the society was an explanation for the situations paying at hand in the 19th century but we are in a different era now. So, therefore, his understanding of the society is slowly becoming irrelevant. This is plausible and fair to say because we now live in a society where most people have undergone considerable improvements in their standard of living and we live in a society, where people are not trying to overthrow the bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisie arent in control of manipulating the criminal justice system as unlike before, most politicians, corporate companies, the rich, the enforcer of the law are being held accountable for any deviant actions and not rather just the proletariat being criminalised. So, therefore, it is fair to say the system now holds everyone accountable. In addition to, functionalist criminology would attribute more to flawed s ocialisation and see crime as a necessary element of the society to help bring about a collective change but also to support the combined conscience of the people. Marxism ignores the process involved with the criminal system. For example, Becker and Edwin Lemert way on labelling theory to identify how and why people are identified, labelled delinquent and criminalised. Many fundamentalists such as Oakley argues more in common with a Marxist understanding of the society but with an emphasis on patriarchy rather than capitalism. This, therefore, shows that there are some loopholes for criticism in Marxist understanding of the society in contributing to criminological theory. However, one notion still stands firm and plausible, the gap between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is one which is still apparent as the rich gets richer and the poor get poorer.To conclude, Marxist understanding of the society supporting contribution to criminological theory outlines the facts that crime occurs due to the class gaps amongst the proletariat and bourgeoisie, Marx also further goes to elaborate that the class gaps creates an effect where the bourgeoisie are in charge of the criminal justice system and therefore are fitted of bending and making the law. This in facts put power only in the hands of the bourgeoisie and therefore makes the whole process undemocratic. Due to this, this creates and an economic gap where the poor are exploited of their services as the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. This understanding illustrates that capitalism only thrive and survive on this factor, Marx explain this through the whole concept of the proletariat being sold a reality that they cant afford and therefore are paid dismay wages and in order to reach this goal, they either become delinquent or work harder and get exploited. The crimes of the rich are unaccounted for as they are in control of the law and the bourgeoisie ability to define law means they decide who a crimi nal is and what makes a criminal. Marx also touches upon the idea that crime is an ideological construct created by the capitalist system to create a state of illusion and as a result, he endorsed or highlights a revolution and such notion against the bourgeoisie would be considered an act of crime. Although briefly highlighted,, there are some loopholes in Marxist understanding of the society, it is plausible to conclude that Marxist understanding has helped put things into perspective in understanding the criminological theory as the social class and economic class gap amongst the rich and the poor, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is still an issue that needs addressing in todays society.BibliographyChambliss, W. (1975) Towards a Political Economy of Crime, Extract reprinted in J. Muncie et al (eds.)(1996) Criminological Perspectives A Reader, London Sage pg. 249-255Bonger, W. (1916) delinquency and Economic Conditions (excerpt), in J. Muncie et al (eds.) (1996) Criminologica l Perspectives A Reader, London Sage.Scraton, P. (1987)(ed.) Law, Order and the Authoritarian State Readings in Critical Criminology, Buckingham Open University Pres.GREENBERG, D. (Ed.). (1993). Crime and Capitalism Readings in Marxist Criminology. Temple University Press. Pg.54Howard Becker (1973). Outsiders studies in the sociology of crime and deviance. New York New York free press. 1-18.Lemert, E. (1951) Social Pathology. New York McGraw-HillLynch, M. J., Groves, W. B. (1986). A primer in radical criminology. Harrow and Heston.Sims, B. A. (1997). Crime, punishment and the American dream Toward a Marxist integration. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 34(1), 5-24. doi10.1177/0022427897034001002Sparks, R. F. (1980). A critique of Marxist criminology. Crime and justice, 2, 159-210.Margaret E. Reid. (2008). A feminist sociological imagination. Reading Ann Oakley. 5 (1), 84-91.Akers, R. L., Sellers, C. S. (2009). Criminological theories Introduction, evaluation, andAppl ication. (5th Ed.). New York, NY Oxford University Press.

Work Absenteeism In Health Care Facilities Social Work Essay

Work Absenteeism In Health Cargon Facilities Social Work EssayWork absenteeism is one of the biggest challenges which face service prepargondness in wellness perplexity facilities. in that respect has been an increase in the number of staff or wellness armorial bearing practitioners who be absent from name and this affects health sustainment delivery in such facilities. Work absenteeism may occur due to legitimate primer coats or illegitimate reasons. Legitimate reason for utilization absenteeism include sickness, family issues and bobble sitting while illegitimate reasons include missing work due to false pretences (Beach, 2007). In health business organization facilities, work absenteeism is a very effective issue since it adversely affects health trade provision. Health wish well provision is a sensitive issue since it may lead to fatality of patients or decline of patients health if enough health c be staff is non present to cater to their needs.It is theref ore main(prenominal) to assess the issue of work absenteeism in the health do industry in more detail. This paper leave assess work absenteeism in health c are and will specifically focus on hospital and nursing home settings. The motley causes of work absenteeism and adverse personal effects to health care institutions will be discussed in detail. The solutions to work absenteeism in the health care industry will also be revertn. The discussed issues will be summarized at the end.Causes of work absenteeismThere are various causes of work absenteeism in the health care industry. These will be discussed belowSicknessThis is one of the most common causes of work absenteeism in the health care industry. Many employees who call in sick are genuinely unwell and otiose to discharge their duties effectively. This causal factor advise be linked to the high cost of health care delivery in the United States and the world in general. The increase in health care costs and insurance has m ade umpteen people be unable to afford health care services (Kotlikoff, 2007). Such people desire low quality health care service providers, home solutions or Internet remedies for diseases. These are ineffective in mooting with illnesses and health care employees who seek these solutions due to the inability to memory access health care services are equivalently to be absent from work for longer periods than those who seek effective treatment interventions. It is important to offer affordable and high quality health care services to both health care employees and the public in general in straddle to reduce the problem of work absenteeism.Family issuesThere are various family issues which may make employees in the health care industry be away from work. These family issues include domestic violence, divorce proceedings, family conflicts and differents. Family issues are important to bid and this is the reason that many health care employees who face these issues are likely t o be absent from work in graze to potty with them. It is difficult for any employee to be productive at the workplace when accepting with unresolved family issues. Many employees opt to deal with such issues before resuming work in separate to be productive. Employers should give employees sufficient time to deal with family issues since such issues are likely to trim employee motivation if not dealt with in a timely manner.BabysittingDue to the effects of the global economic crunch, many families have had their disposable income lowered. Such families are struggling to pay their bills and expenses with the little income earned. As a result, many families are unable to pay for babysitters for their babies especially due to the hard economic times. In such circumstances, some employees in health care institutions may be forced to stick out away from work as they baby sit their babies. This on the other hand adversely affects health care service provision since there may be inad equate staff to deal with patients. It is thus important to find a solution to this issue.Low employee motivationEmployee motivation is very important for organizations in any industry. Employees are the most valuable resource and it is important to motivate them and increase their output in order for organizations to achieve their objectives (Mugisho, 2007). Employee motivation enables employees to look forth to going to their places of work, in this case hospitals and other health care facilities. However, when employees have low motivation levels, most prefer missing work and undertaking other activities which may be more rewarding to them. Low employee motivation is arguably the study reason that employees are absent from work in cases of illegitimate reasons. It is important to address the issue of employee motivation if cases of workplace absenteeism are to be reduced in health care institutions.Stress related issuesStress is a major(ip) causality of low employee productiven ess and work absenteeism in health care facilities. Employees in health care facilities are exposed to functional under imperativeness in order to meet the targets set. Such employees see injuries and fatalities almost on a daily basis and this would cause psychological effects to any benignant being. Student interns are exposed to working for very long hours with little rest and this is stressful to them. When such employees are not provided for with an effective mechanism to deal with such stress, they are likely to be absent from work as a result of stress effects. This in turn adversely affects service provision in health care facilities. Employees should be provided for with mechanisms for dealing with stress if they are to reduce cases of absenteeism from the workplace.Nurse staffing ratioThere is a major problem in many health care service facilities due to the inadequate number of health care professionals, especially nurses. There is an inadequate number of nurses in thes e facilities and this exerts ram on nurses to work harder and for longer hours in order to meet the needs of patients (Phelps, 2002). This causes a strain to them as they are forced to work under marvelous pressure. In most cases, the increased workload does not translate into higher pay and this further frustrates them. In such working environments, nurses lose motivation to work and they begin being absent from work for illegitimate reasons. The problem of nurse staffing ration should therefore be addressed to reduce cases of work absenteeism.Disadvantages of work absenteeismThere are various adverse effects which are associated with work absenteeism in health care facilities. These will be discussed belowQuality of health care service provisionWork absenteeism in health care service delivery facilities adversely affects health care provision amongst patients. When health care professionals are absent from work, there may be inadequate health care professionals to deal with the needs of patients. This may affect the quality of health care reliable by patients. It may also lead to further complications for patients or even fatalities due to inadequate care given to patients. This is very dangerous for the nation at large since the health of the population may be compromised as a result of work absenteeism by health care workers. It is thus important to address this issue immediately to preserve the lives of patients.Poor performance by health care facilitiesMany health care facilities, especially those set up by the private sector are usually developed with profit making objective as a major goal. Although helping the sick is a major objective of many hospitals, many are formed to make profit out of charging for health care services provided. When employees are absent from work, just like in any other organization, productivity reduces. Reduction in productivity over time may lead to losses by the health care institutions. It may also lead to the inability to attain the set organizational goals. It is therefore necessary to ensure that employees in health care facilities are not absent from work since this may be an obstacle to the attaining of organizational objectives.Solution to problemsThere are several solutions which should be implemented in order to deal with the problems which were earlier discussed in the paper. These solutions will be discussed on the basis of the individual problems discussed earlier.SicknessIt has been discussed that sickness is one of the major problems which contribute to work absenteeism. When employees are sick, they are unable to discharge their duties effectively. Employees who seek low quality health care services are more likely to be absent for longer periods than those who seek high quality services. In order to deal with this issue, the government and health care providers should take immediate steps. The government should reduce the costs of health care services and insurance through allocatin g more funds to cater for the same. Health care facilities should offer health care cover to all employees in order to ensure that they have access to high quality health care services. This will reduce the number of hours employees are absent due to sickness or other health complications.Family issuesThere are various family issues which health care professionals experience, as is experienced with the rest of society. It is important to develop mechanisms which can enable health care professionals deal with family issues without affecting their workplace objectives. Employees in health care facilities should have access to counselors who will enable them solve family issues which they face. This will prevent such issues from affecting their work environment and causing work absenteeism in health care facilities.BabysittingIt has been discussed that babysitting is a causal factor of work absenteeism since many employees are unable to afford babysitters due to harsh economic times. I t is important to empower employees, especially those with babies, to be financially stable and to be in a position to cater for all the babys needs. Health care service institutions should take two steps to resolve this problem. The first is to increase employee remuneration in order to ensure that employees, especially those with children, are able to access salaries and benefits which are adequate in catering for the childrens welfare. The second step is creating a nursery within the health care facility and allowing parents to bring their young ones in such environments. This strategy has proven to be very effective in increasing the productivity of working mother since they have peace of mind whenever they work in environments where their children are within reach. These two strategies should be implemented depending on the policies of the organization in order to ensure that work absenteeism is minimized.Low employee motivationLow employee motivation is caused by several facto rs including poor leadership, organizational culture, low remuneration and others. Low motivation reduces employee productivity and it is likely to cause work absenteeism due to lack of morale by employees. In order to improve employee motivation, several factors should be taken into account by the commission. The management should employ the democratic leadership style which allows employees to participate in decision making (Bratton et. al., 2004). The management should also ensure that there is a conducive organizational culture which features communication, teamwork, conflict resolution mechanisms and participative decision making. In addition, the management should use both financial and non-financial motivation forms when remunerating employees. This will lead to an increase in employee productivity, organizational performance and lower cases of work absenteeism.Stress related issuesAs previously discussed, nurses are prone to stress due to the nature of the environment they work in. Nurses work in an environment where they experience injuries and fatalities by patients every day. Some patients come with serious injuries and they may survive or not. Nurses care for such patients and in cases where patients succumb to injuries, nurses suffer psychological trauma. Nurses also work under tremendous pressure and this may make them experience stress. In order to deal with stress, the management should ensure that nurses have access to counselors and therapies needed to enable them overcome workplace stress. This will enable them to work more effectively and will reduce cases where nurses are absent from work due to stress.Nurse staffing ratioNursing staff ratio is a major cause of work absenteeism in health care institutions due to the pressure exerted on nurses. The inadequate number of nurses forces them to work harder and for longer time durations. This de-motivates them and makes some opt to be absent from work. In order to deal with this issue, the gove rnment and health care providers have a responsibility to ensure that there are adequate nurses in every health care facility. This can be achieved through dialog between all health care stakeholders and development of strategies which will ensure that adequate nurses are trained and posted to health care institutions around the country (Murray, 2005). This will reduce the burden to nurses and ensure that they work with relative ease. Such an action will reduce the number of nurses who are absent from work.Summary and conclusionVarious issues which relate to work absenteeism in health care facilities have been discussed in detail. Employees have been seen to abstain from work for a variety of reasons and these include low morale, family issues, stress, sickness, nurse staffing ratio and babysitting among other causes. This has been seen to adversely affect health care service delivery to patients. It has also been seen to lower the performance of health care providers. In order to d eal with these issues, a number of recommendations have been made and these include allowing children to work, ensuring employees are adequately remunerated, ensuring employees have access to counselors, increasing nurse staffing ratio and improving health care services to employees who work for hospitals and nursing homes. This will reduce instances where employees are absent from work and it will ensure that all objectives of health care organization are met.

Swallowing Stones :: essays research papers

Throughout the novel Swallowing Stones, Michael is confront with problem after problem. Each problem that occurs, he must make choice after choice. Michael is faced with a position that he must make the choice that will change the course of his indefinitely. Michael before long finds out the mystery death of Charlie shelter. Soon Michael starts postulation himself the question Could he be Charlie Wards Killer? Michael is sure of it. He is now faced with the ultimate consequences that he must face. He knows that if he turns himself he might be let off easy. But then Joe gets him thinking about how easy it would be to just get away with it. He knows that there is know way that they could ever trace that bullet back to his Grandfathers antique rifle, or could they. Michael soon decides that if he can trust Joe enough to remain in silence, he may be able to out wit the police. When Michael makes his decision, he never considers the ramifications that will come of it. For example, Mi chael never even considers the long anguish nights he will stay awake or the ling pain filled days he will go through thinking of Jenna Ward and her mother suffering day after day. On the contrary, Michael thinks he will be able to just move on and forget about it. Michael soon realizes that he wishes he would have simply turned himself in. Afterwards, it seemed like such a logical choice, but he knew that if he did he would be gaolbreak the loyalty to Joe. Michael changed drastically over the course of only a few weeks. He learned more about his friends, family, and himself than he ever wanted to know.