Quality Perception of Ready to Cook Meals

Quality Perception of fix to Cook MealsThe purpose of this enquiry is to examine the nitty-grittys of attribute sensing of ho recitationwife towards their orientation of subprogram of lay place to work repast and to know that which changeables of case scholarship gain an impact on the appreciation to use. The variables we find analysen for the strike ar taste, freshness, storage manners, hygiene, whole step of ingredients. Primary entropy has been collected through ad hominem survey we have utilize the questionnaire as an instrument for the entropy collection. The thingmabob scram method was followed. The questionnaires were filled by 150 respondents i.e. inhabitancymaker. Optimal scale or flat regression was employ which is statistical technique apply to analyze the impact or effect of the in pendent variable on the pendent variable. The results show that there is no effect of the independent variable (taste, freshness, storage life and choice of ingredients) on the gustatory perception to use of the ad in force(p) to arrive at repast. In well-nigh divergent words we digest say that the housewives argon not influenced by these variables of lineament perception i.e. they have no effect on the preference to use.INTRODUCTION1.1 OverviewE precise region has distinguishable tillage and different perceptions related to repast, (Rozin, 1999). Indus hand over response to consumers varying lifestyles and preferences has seen an excess of hustling nourishments ( expeditious-to- work items) introduced into the grocery store over the past twain decades. During this time period, the regimen effort has named a concerted effort to meet up the entrusts of a time-hungry consumer through enlarged offerings of semi repaird and cause to hit repasts. As the emergence of time, men and women both be preferred to work, (Goyal Singh, 2007) because the daily requirements be gr stimulate very steep and every cardinal wan ts to sojourn a lavish life. For women its authorisation to look afterwards their domicile and family along with their job. It is as well factual that some of us do not have the time or zilch to clear like that effortless(prenominal). Mainly responsibility for the preparation of meal lies with women. Its avowedly that housewife is al itinerarys responsible for meal, even she spend much hours outdoor(a) from home than her husband. For functional women it seems daunting to give time to training after a long working hours. It is quite tiring to plan and prep ar a meal for working women, where every daytime chores as substantially as office work have no avoidance. She has a more buy power however less time to parry and eat. at that place are options available for the diet that fills the empty tummies which are withal sinewy and make believe less time. And even some of them have pretty bang-up taste too.As the work habits of women have increase it has an effect on life style. I have found a way out to this carte du jour planning and making phobia. The easiest way out that I could think of was correct-to- manipulate meals.Ready to distort meals is a package meal that al speedy cooked or skilful submit to reheats it beforehand use. Many seek shows that the concept of ready to cook meal comes from during wars, military has limited resources to prepare nutrient and it is available in pouches and tin fuels. It is popularly used in US and Europe countries for ages and has a mature commercialise in diet industry. Although it has excessively captured a market share in Asian countries for past two decades. Ready to cook meals institutes life easier that they are easy to make, ready to eat whenever you want to and you in force(p) have to do reheat it and it is all done, it is easy to store. These meals can be stored for long time like kept crisp for over lead months and once it has cooked then can be stored up to three long time in the refrigerator. So, it is a nice deal unlike the consumable commodities. The toleration of ready to cook meal is easier specifically for working women against home cooked meal because she usually dont get the time to make varieties of meal on everyday basis. Thats why working women are more probably to buy gismo merchandises than the housewives. Daily dine out is not a intimatelynessy choice. Because restaurants offers a heavy and fattening meals which are injurious to our wellness. So, the mountain who are health conscious and want a high fictional character meal or try a new eating experience, they prefer to have ingrained provender ingredients then ready to cook meal is a salutaryness choice for them, which is hygienic and bitter like restaurant food. While on the other hand, the advantage of making own home cooked meal is that you can prepare meal according to your preferences, some people like less spicy food. So, you can add or eliminate the ingredients as per yo ur desire. You have a complete control over making of your meal and no preservatives used in it.1.2 Problem statementThe research we conducted is about to study the effects of housewife caliber perception of ready to cook meal on their preference to use.This research is actually an experimental research in which we found that do the housewives prefer to use the ready to cook meal. And how do they find the ready to cook meal in aspects of its taste, freshness, storage life, hygiene, quality of ingredients in comparison of home cooked meal. There are many companies which offers ready to cook meal in the market.The t look at of formulation a wide meal after a full day of work cleverness appear kind of off-putting. Due to scarcity of time, the difference is arising in purchasing of substitution of purchased goodnesss. both(prenominal) the employed and non employed wives are going to control Time-Buying strategies. But the employed wives take more care of their time so they go for appliance meals or purchase meals. Ready-to-cook meals are dependable with unexampled consumer fashions towards greater involvement in cooking and the desire to use natural, blunt ingredients. This type of food can be served in a unforesightful amount of time. This type of food prepared available in market that gives benefit to both employed and non employed women.The perception of ready to cook meal depends upon some constituents which are highly effective on buying of purchased food. When the women con gradientr using ready to cook meal there are some variables like taste, freshness, storage life, hygiene, quality of ingredients, which comes in her mind and make comparison with the home cooked meal. In this report we came to the knowledge that both working n nonworking women were willing to cook food tasty as well as quick. Although we got know that we added flavor in food through long, sluggish and simmering cooking but now women are finding other ways of infusing flavor tha t we saw in this study. Mostly women collect recipes that take short time, some keep their pantry and freezer stocked with ingredients used in well-nigh quick tasty meal recipes. Some tasty and healthy shortcuts can make cooking trouble-free and delicious. The other real variable to consider is storage of ready to cook meal. This discipline describes how to handle, prepare and safe meal in ways that prevent food borne illness, WHO (2007). This work is to be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. Housewives are very conscious about food gumshoe. They dont take risk for health of their families. They try to Store their food properly and under the best accomplishable position that would extend its life to its extreme potential. Some foods can be stored at room temperature and some must be refrigerated. Freezing can be exploited to increase the life of many items for consumptions. To get the most out of the storage areas, definite conditions must be maintained. These meals are designed to be heated, but can be eaten cold since they are already in full cooked. With the passage of time storage methods are changing with eating patterns. No women look like to be ready to spend hours in cooking foods. Even though, it means we just can not have just to use to real time fresh food. But so is the need of time that we have started showing willingness to buy meals ready to eat where no issues of storage arise. The quality of ingredient is some other very important peculiar(prenominal) of meal that is considerable among consumers. This contains such features as texture, and flavor and so on. As well as ingredient quality, there are also hygiene requirements. It is important to make sure that the food processing surroundings is as clean as achievable in order to produce the safest possible food for the consumer.1.3 HypothesesH1 The taste perception of ready to cook meal has a validatory effect on housewife preference to use.H2 The freshness perception of ready to cook meal has a positive effect on housewife preference to use.H3 The storage life perception of ready to cook meal has a positive effect on housewife preference to use.H4 The hygiene perception of ready to cook meal has a positive effect on housewife preference to use.H5 The quality of ingredients perception of ready to cook meal has a positive effect on housewife preference to use.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWQuality and safety are two important elements in consumer food perceptions and decision making associated with food choice (Grunert, 2005). But the both quality and safety are two different and broad categories. If we take quality as benchmark it may include study hygiene, taste, freshness, health effects and storage life. These five variables also lead to safety of food and if these five variables will be taken under consideration in making home food or purchasing ready to cook meal can be the most important variables to be in consideration. At first it is to be empathize that both women now days are cooking food at their home or not or purchasing it from foreign.There is a maturement enquire for the convenience of take-out food, and food service establishments are want to satisfy this admit (Food constitute Report, 2007). The ratio of purchasing the food from outside is growing day by day but the preference to use food will preserve the same because the compromise on hygiene, taste, freshness, health and storage has to be always in consideration.With the emergence of the supermarket and hypermarket culture, consumer preference for packaged food products has increased significantly in the recent years (Stewart-Knox Mitchell,2003). This federal agent should not be neglected that with opening of more and more supermarkets, the demand and use of frozen food, ready to cook meal and have increased and consumers are also very well aware of quality and preference to use food (Silayoi Speece, 2004). Consumers have now become more smashi ng in their food product choices and have started emphasizing more on convenience, freshness and quality of the products (Quagrainie, 1998). Freshness, hygiene, taste, all these factors are very important before purchasing package food product because health is an important factor and consumers cant compromise in any kind of health issues(Acebron, Levy., Mangin, Calvo Dopico, (2000) .The desire for convenience and an increase in the number of working women are some of the significant factors driving a strong growth of packaged food products (Goyal Singh, 2007). Besides, consumers have now started preferring quality food intake and are comely more aware in terms of nutritional diet, health and food safety issues (Ruth Yeung, 2001). The producers of the packaged food should take this factor in reproval because as trends changes the producers have to adopt it quickly because of to capture the market and to remain the markets leaders (Rimal, Fletcher, McWatters, K.H., Misra, S.K. D eodhar,2001).As economies develop and incomes increase, people not only demand higher levels of safety and quality in their food (Smith Riethmuller, 1999), but also express concerns about the environmental sustainability, the logical use of natural resources and the tax shelter of farmers and animals health (Overby, Gardial, Woodruff, 2004). These changes in attitudes and rates (Tansey, 1994) have also been stimulated by a number of food scares and crises (e.g. pesticide residues, saturated fats, veterinary drugs, food additives, dioxins, bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, etc.) that have become a major public health enigma worldwide and shaked consumers confidence in food quality and food safety. Furthermore, the change magnitude technological change peculiarly the genetic engineering and its use in agriculture and food industry is generating much controversy over its cost and benefits with the majority of European consumers having a negative attitude towards genetically ch ange food (Verdurme Viaene, 2003). Where consumers are going towards package foods, at other side increase in health issue is an another problem. So up to now there is a huge majority who is still love to cook food their home and prefer it more than ready to cook meal because for them taste, freshness, hygiene is more than the package foods (Hobbs, Bailey, Dickinson Haghiri, 2005).Consumers are believed to generally prefer products of high quality. However, the underlying cognitive determinants of quality and safety are not sufficiently understood within the area of consumer behavior. (Rijswijk Frewer, 2008). Quality is always the benchmark for the people and in food no one like to compromise on it. The variable which is in discussion of hygiene, storage, freshness, taste and effect on health is the benchmark for the preference to use the food. People can spend subsidy price but will not compromise on the prone variables because health is an important factor for everyone(Rohr, Luddecke, Drusch, Muller Alvensleben, 2005). It is important to understand consumers own perceptions and representations of quality and safety. This is because consumers will base their purchasing decisions on these beliefs (Rijswijk Frewer, 2008).It is not infallible that the variables which is being considered is the benchmark for everyone, For some only 3 will be considered, for other 7 attributes can be in their view. Consumers are likely to derive quality or safety perceptions from other product cues, either intrinsic (e.g., way of the product) or extrinsic cues (e.g., a quality label) (Nelson, 1970). Its an another view of judging quality by looking to other product looks because no one knows what is inside, how it is cook, etc. In addition, the interrelationship between consumer preparation of food quality and food safety warrants further investigation. If consumers perceive quality and safety as independent attributes, different decisions may be make depending on wheth er consumers focus on quality or safety issues in their food choices. However, if the two concepts are inter-related, and are implied by one another, food choices may always involve decisions about both quality and safety. (Rijswijk Frewer, 2008).Both qualitative and quantitative research has addressed issues associated with cultural determinants of food choice. It is discernable that when analyzing factors that influence food choice it is important to take consumers cultural backgrounds into government note (Nayga, 1999). It is believed that people from different cultural backgrounds have different perceptions and experiences related to food (e.g., Rozin, P., Fischler, C., Imada, S., Sarubin, A. Wrzesniewski, A., 1999). So the culture factor will be having an impact on our results because most of the house wife will not prefer the ready to cook meal because their mothers dont like this concept, they might have a aspect which is not good for health, so these factors can have an impact on preference to use food.There is a growing demand for the convenience of take-out food, and food service establishments are seeking to satisfy this demand (Food Institute Report, 2007). The current trend in today world is to consume the frozen food, package food, ready to cook meal or restaurant food because of the lack of time in current life (Lennernas, Fjellstrom, Becker, Giachetti, Schmitt, Remaut de Winter Kearney, 1997). To live a good life every member of the family has to earn for the good living, so the trend is setting now for the ready to cook meal which can get ready as soon as possible.The challenge is to find containers that keep the food intent, and are cost effective (Matsumoto, 2000). ab initio in package food intellect was introduce, it was having the flaws how to keep food hot and how to make it cheap because the idea was very costly. And when you think the consumer will be purchasing the food because every one has the different schedule, so the ide a of ready to cook meal has come up, when you get home you just have to cook for around few minutes and have good hot food at consumer convenience.Despite the increasing sales, it is only take-out and curbside serve that are fueling the market. Consumer interest for dining in restaurants is not growing the cherish to the current consumer is the ability to purchase already prepared food, and take it away to consume at home (Prewitt, 2002). Consumers are not arouse in purchasing the prepared food because till they take that to home it may not remain fresh because distance from the restaurant to home can be long or short both, other positioning is that it has been observed that people dont like to eat as soon as they reach their home, they first like to fresh up, get relaxed and then love to have food with their family, so ready to cook meal is very much good for these kind of people as it is safe, hygiene, taste good. This market is supported by single working people, and dual-inc ome couples, with children or without, who are purchasing take-out food five times per week due to time constraints (Binkley Ghiselli, 2005). In Denmark, the respondents of one research (Poulsen, 1999) believed that prepared meals provided convenience by enriching the every day diet. Thisconvenience may be supposed as promoting an easy way of healthy living. However,consumers also perceived unnaturalness and uneasiness towards the taste changes, higherprice, interrogation about the enrichment effect, and uncertainty toward eating functional food products. On the other hand, attitudes were seen to be more encouraging towards the tangible aspects of functional foods. Some of these aspects, include enrichment with supplements of calcium and vitamins (Poulsen, 1999).CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODSThis chapter covers the detail information regarding method of data collection, research questions, and objective of this study, research hypothesis, data collection, sample size and technique. It also includes the tool which has been used in the study.3.1Method of Data dispositionThe method of data collection was a personal survey technique. The data was collected from different housewives in whom both working and non working housewives were included.3.2 Instrument of Data CollectionThe instrument used to collect the data was a structured questionnaire. It contained 10 questions, in which 3 questions were regarding personal information of the respondent, 2 questions regarding the usage of ready to cook meal and other 5 questions were regarding the effects of housewife quality perception of ready to cook meal on their preference to use. The different quality factors of ready to cook meal were considered like taste, freshness, storage life, hygiene, quality of ingredients in this questionnaire.3.3 Sample sizeThe sample size was of 150 respondents. The respondents were housewives who were to ask to fill the questionnaires. Two categories of housewives i.e. working and non work ing women had been considered in this study.3.4 Sampling proficiencyThe sampling technique used in this study was convenience sampling that based on random data collection.3.5 Statistical TechniqueThe statistical technique used for the analysis was regression. To find out the effect or impact of independent variables which were taste, freshness, hygiene, storage life and quality of ingredients on the dependent variable which was preference to use, we applied optimal scaling or categorical regression test because the data was based on categories.In thickset shows that the questionnaires filled were 100% valid and all 150 respondents filled the questionnaire. The value of Cronbachs Alpha shows the reliability of the data. It is greater than .50 so, we can process further our study.. CHAPTER 4RESULTSThe effect of housewifes quality perception of ready to cook meal was decided by the optimal scaling which is categorical regression analysis, this technique is used to predict the impact or effect of the independent variables quality perception of ready to cook meal in which we studied taste, freshness, hygiene, storage life, quality of ingredients on the dependent variable i.e. preference to use.SummaryThe ANOVA dishearten tests the acceptability of the model from a statistical perspective. The table shows that there is no effect of taste on preference to use because the significant value is greater than 0.05. The significant value should be less than 0.05 to accept the model.CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION5.1 ConclusionIn the research an enterprise was made to examine the quality perception of housewife towards the usage of the ready to cook meals. As the result shows that there is no effect of quality perception in which taste, freshness, storage life, hygiene and quality of ingredients variables were studied, on the preference to use of ready to cook meal. The significant value of all the variables came greater than 0.05 wh ich means there is no impact of independent variables on the dependent variable and all hypotheses has rejected of the research.5.2 DiscussionIn this research the women are involved from different areas of the city. Majority of women used the ready to cook meal and agreed to the statement that ready to cook meal makes life easier especially for working women. It was seemed that the common perception among consumers about the ready to cook meal is changing life style. The quality of food considered as the packaging and its appearance of the meal. On the other hand, women also like traditional style of cooking because they think that home cooked meal have a variety of ingredients and they can make their meal by their own style.5.3 Implication and RecommendationOn the basis of this research we came to know that the companies which are producing ready to cook meals are recommended that they should advertise more their products because mostly people know just one or two companies which a re producing these kinds of meals. And they should spend more expenses over RD because it was persistent during this survey that there is lowest impact of storage life on the preference to use. The companies should go for line extension in ready to cook meal because variety of consumers seems in market.5.4 Future ResearchThe future research on the effect of housewife quality perception of ready to cook meal on their preference to use will need to take account of the observation that these concepts are strongly related to the safety of food and convenience of time. The other issue on which we can focus in the future study would be that how people from different cultures define the quality of food because every culture has its own style of preparing food, food safety have an impact on purchasing decision, and the brands impact of ready to cook meal on the preference to use.

Tablet Direct Compression Methods

Tablet Direct Compression MethodsTablets atomic number 18 solid acid forms usually prepargond with the aid of suitable pharmaceutic excipients. The excipients pile complicate binders, glidants ( consort aids) and lubri disregardts to get word efficient inking pading disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract sweeteners or flavours to enhance taste and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive. They whitethorn vary in size, shape, weight, hardness, thickness, disintegration, and dissolution characteristics and in new(prenominal) aspects, depending on their intended affair and manner of manufacture. Most tablets ar used in the oral administration of treats. roughly of this are prepared with colorants and coatings of various types. Other tablets, such(prenominal) as those administered sublingually, buccally, or vaginally, are prepared to have features most applicable to their particular way of administration. Tablets are prepared primarily by compressing, with a limited consider prepared by molding. Compressed tablets are manufactured with tablet machines overt of exerting keen drive in compacting. Their shape and dimensions are decided by use of various shaped punches and dies. (Allen, Ansel and Popovich (2004)).In the tablet-pressing transit, it is important that all ingredients be fairly dry, disintegrateed or granular, somewhat uniform in pinpoint size, and freely f pitifuling. Mixed touch sized powders idlerister segregate during manufacturing operations, which usher out result in tablets with poor drug or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content uniformity. Content uniformity ensures that the same API social disease is delivered with each tablet.In early prep studies, as a promising involved is characterized for biologic activity, it is also evaluated with regard to chemical and physical puritanicalties that have a bearing on its ultimate and successful formulation into a constant and effe ctive pharmaceutical return. This is the area of responsibility of pharmaceutical scientists and formulation pharmacists skilful in pharmaceutics. When sufficient information is gleaned on the compounds physical and chemical properties, sign formulation of the dosage form are redeveloped for use in sympathetic clinical trials. During the course of the clinical trials, the proposed product is developed further, from initial formulation to final formulation and from pilot plant (or miniature-scale production) to scale-up, in readying for large-scale manufacturing.The dose of the drug whitethorn be described as an amount that is enough but not too much the judgment is to achieve the drugs optimum therapeutic effect with safety but at the lowest mathematical dose. The effective dose of a drug may be different for different patients. In a normal dispersal sample, a drugs dose will provide what might be called an medium effect in most individuals. However, in a serving of the u niverse of discourse the drug will produce little effect, and in another portion the drug will produce an effect greater than average. The amount of drug that will produce the desired effect in most mature patients is considered the drugs usual adult dose and the likely starting dose for a patient. From this initial dose the physician may, if necessary, increase or decrease sequent doses to meet the particular requirements of the patient. Certain drugs may produce more(prenominal) than peerless effect, depending on the dose.Drug doses vary greatly between drug substances some drugs have small doses, other drugs have relatively large doses. The dose of the drug is establish on its biochemical and pharmacologic activity, its physical and chemical properties, the dosage form used, the route of administration, and various patient factors. The dose of a drug for a particular patient may be de landmarkined in part on the basis of the patients age, weight, body surface area, universal physical health, liver and kidney function (for drug metabolism and elimination), and the severity of the complaint being treated. General dosing information for drug substances is provided in the monographs in the British National Formulary (BNF) as well as in the megabucks inserts that accompany manufacturers pharmaceutical products. Again, these sources provide the prescriber and pharmacists with guidelines of usual dosage and usual dosage range. Optimally, appropriate drug dosage should resulting blood serum drug concentrations that are above the MEC and below the MTC for the period of time that drug effects are desired. For certain drugs, a larger than usual initial dose may be required to achieve the desired blood drug level. (Stoklosa and Ansel, 1996) alive(p) ingredients faeces be separated into two categories low-dose and senior high-dose drugs. It should be technically possible to manufacture almost all drugs of low doses (less than 50 mg) by the now concretion proc ess with a proper choice of excipients and tablet equipment. The term position compression is defined as the process by which tablets are compressed subscribe toly from powder diverseness of API and suitable excipients. No pretreatment of the powder blend by wet or dry granulation routine is required. The problems encountered in position compression of low-dose drugs centre around uniform dissemination of the drug (blending) and possible unblending during the compression stage.Steps of Direct Compression root system http//inferenceforqbd.com/Solutions/Pharmaceutical%20R+D.aspx most granular chemicals, like potassium chloride, possess free-flowing and viscid properties that enable them to be compressed channelizely in a tablet machine without need of granulation. For chemicals lacking this quality, special pharmaceutical excipients may be used to impart the necessary qualities for production of tablets by pass compression. These excipients include fillers, such as spray-drie d milk sugar, microcrystals of alpha-monohydrate lactose, sucrose-invert sugar-corn starch mixtures, microcrystalline cellulose, crystalline maltose, and dicalcium inorganic phosphate disintegrating agents, such as direct compression starch, sodium carboxymethyl starch, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose fibers, and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone lubri ordurets, such as magnesium stearate and talc and glidants, such as fumed silicon dioxide. The capping, splitting, or laminating of tablets is sometimes related to air entrapment during direct compression. When air is trapped, the resulting tablets expand when the pressure of tableting is released, resulting in splits or layers in the tablets. Forced or induced feeders can reduce air entrapment, making the fill powder more profound and amenable to compaction. Capping also may be caused by punches that are not immaculately clean and perfectly smooth or by a granulation with too much fines, or fine powder. Fine powder, which resu lts when a dried granulation is sized, is generally 10 to 20% of the weight of the granulation. Some fine powder is desired to fill the die cavity properly. However, an tautologic can lead to tablet softness and capping. Tablets that have aged or been stored improperly also may exhibit splitting or other physical deformations.In low dose formulation, advances in pharmaceutical inquiry have resulted in the development of high potency active ingredients, which can be difficult to formulate into capsules or tablets. The use of Starch 1500HYPERLINK http//www.colorcon.com/products/core-excipients/immediate-release/starch-1500HYPERLINK http//www.colorcon.com/products/core-excipients/immediate-release/starch-1500 part pregelatinized maize starch as an active-premix in low dose formulations can provide consistent drug uniformity, which allows manufacturing by a direct compression process. Since many low dose medications are manufactured by a wet granulation method to assure each tablet c ontains the proper amount of active, switching to a direct compression process can result in substantial savings in total process time and cost.Comparison of wet granulation and direct compression methods ascendent http//www.atacamalabs.com/technology_specialty dry lactose is the earliest and is equable one of the most widely-used direct compression fillers. It is one of the few such excipients available from more than a single supplier. In spite of many early problems, this material revolutionized tableting technology. rough-cut and regular grade sieved crystalline fractions of a-lactose monohydrate have very good flow properties but lack compressibility. However spray drying produces an agglomerated product that is more fluid and compressible than regular lactose. In the production of spray-dried lactose, lactose is first placed in an aqueous solution which is treated to ask impurities. Partial crystallization is then(prenominal) allowed to occur before spray-drying the slurr y. As a result the final product contains a mixture of large a-monohydrate crystals and spherical aggregates of smaller crystals held together by glass or amorphous material. The liquid of spray-dried lactose results from the large particle size and intermixing of spherical aggregates. The compressibility is due to the constitution of the aggregates and the percentage of amorphous material present and the resulting plastic flow, which occurs under compaction pressure.The problem of compressibility of spray-dried lactose is still real and troublesome. The compressibility of spray-dried lactose is borderline, and furthermore, it has relatively poor dilution potential. Spray-dried lactose is an effective direct compression filler when it makes up the major(ip) portion of the tablet (more than 80%), but it is not effective in diluting high-dose drugs whose crystalline nature is, in and of itself, not compressible. Furthermore, spray-dried lactose does not lend itself to reworking be cause it loses compressibility upon initial compaction. (Lieberman, Lachman and Schwartz).For the binders, there are many excipients that can be used. these include hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), methylcellulose (MC), povidone (PVP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and starches and their derivatives, such as pregelatinized and granulated starches. These polymers differ in their physico-chemical, mechanical and morphological characteristics. For direct compression, studies suggest highly compactable, plastic, fine particle size binders facilitate compression of drugs at relatively low filler-to-drug ratios, whence representing ideal properties for tablet binders (Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999251129-35) (Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 200127181-924).Tablet manufacturing by direct compression has increased steadily over the years. It offers advantages over the other manufacturing processes for tablets, such as wet granulation and provides high efficiency (Zhang et al., 2003). As direct compressio n is more economic, reducing the cycle time and straight off in terms of good manufacturing practice requirements.Amongst the techniques used to prepare tablets, direct compression is the most advanced technology. It involves only blending and compression. Thus go advantage particularly in terms of speedy production. Because it requires fewer unit operations, less machinery, reduced number of personnel and considerably less touch time along with increased product stability.Drugs characterized by high-dose, high mess volume, poor compactibility, and poor fluidity (flow properties) do not lend themselves to direct compression. A typical sample would be paracetamol, an analgesic. The API of which is not easily compressed, then it require usually restricted to about 30% of direct compression formula hence tablet will costly and difficult to swallow. date it is possible to densify some drugs or formulations by preprocessing, there is some move as to whether the final tableting pro cess could then be called direct compression.Paracetamol is high dose at 500 mg, is highly elastic and requires tastemasking. The taste-masking system to use is important for the active ingredient. If a finished dosage form has great taste, the consumer may pick your tablet to another tablet solely based upon taste. If the product has an unpleasant taste, the consumer may discount speed of delivery and prefer better tasting slower tablets. The taste-masked API needs to survive the tabletting operation.It is inherently a poor compressible drug and high dose formulation can show capping and lamination. This can be attributed to the elastic recovery and brittle nature of the drug. Good tablet hardness (17kP), friability (30%) and elimination of capping and lamination were achieved with 7% HPC EXF binder level in the IR granulation and employing a pre-compression force of 3kN in addition to a main compression force of 25kN.(www.aqualon.com). Magnesium stearate dihydrate (MgSt-D) is a m ore effective lubricant for a high dose product containing 90+% COMPAP L at a high tableting speed.CONCLUSIONAs shown, there is a big difference in the formulation of low dose and high dose tablet. For the low dose tablet, an example is digoxin which is a cardiotonic, it is manufactured under direct compression since the powder mixture of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is compressed directly with its excipients. Low dose means having a small amount of API, since there is a small amount of it, direct compression is the best possible way because when intensify a tablet, it is unavoidable that there will have some respite or some particles that can be left in the containers or when triturating. For the high dose tablet, an example is paracetamol, direct compression cant be use since high dose API are not easily compressed.

Determination of Substance through Density

ratiocination of Substance through immersionD audition 1DENSITY OF SUBSTANCESPrep bed by Paul Okweye and Malinda GilmorePurpose of the ExperimentTo learn about the properties of matter such as parsimony that be practised as a method of physical identification. In this taste the objectives areTo t distributively the correct give of a balance and gradational cylinders,To look on the densities of solids, delicate pellucids and terminations,To determine pctage breaks during experimental analysis, andTo t separately the use of charting of experimental info.Background Information stringency, like boiling augur, color, odor, solubility, and melting headway, is a physical property of matter. Therefore, minginess whitethorn be used in identifying matter. immersion is defined as hole per unit masses and is verbalised mathematically as d = m / v (Equation 1 d is constriction, m is mass, and v is volume). The assiduity of a sample of matter represents the mass containe d within a unit volume of space in the sample. The units of stringency, therefore, are quoted in terms of grams per milliliter (g/ml) or grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for around solid and pellucid samples of matter. The density of a sample represents the mass of the item sample divided by its volume. density (g/ml) = mass (g) volume (ml or cm3) Eqn. 1Often, a density varies with temperature because of the volume of the sample such as gases. Therefore, densities are usually determined and reported at room temperature (about 25oC suffer shelve 1). References such as chemical handbooks always specify the temperature at which a density was measured.As previously stated, density bay window be used as a method of identification. Various things that density give the gate be useful for are listed below send back 1. Densities of various substances at room temperature, 25oC.Density is often used as a point of identification in the mark of an un cognize substance. The density o f the unknow index be used to characterize the unknown from a list of known substances. It is very unlikely for two substances to have the same density, and when added with boiling point and melting point it adds even more validity to the identity of the substance.Density can also be used to determine the submersion of solutions in certain instances. When a substance is dissolved in piss, the density of the solution will be different from that of the pure piddle itself. Handbooks list diminutive information about the densities of solutions as a function of their composition (typically, in terms of percent substance in the solution). If a sample is known to contain just now a single substance, the density of the solution can be measured experimentally, and then the handbook can be consulted to determine what concentration of the substance gives rise to the measured solution density.Several techniques are used for the determination of density of substances. In general, a density determination involves the determination of the mass of the sample divided by the determination of the volume of the sample. However, the method used for find mass or volume depends on whether or not the sample is a solid or a liquid.For solid samples, the volume of the solid can be determined victimization Archimedess principle, which states that an insoluble, nonreactive solid will displace a volume of liquid equal to its own volume. Typically, a solid is added to a liquid in a volumetric container (such as a gradational cylinder) and the change in the liquid level is determined.For liquids, very precise ranks of density may be determined by measuring an accurate volume of liquid in a container that can then be weighed and then determining the mass of the liquid that was measured. A convenient container for determining the volume of a liquid is to weigh a particular volume of liquid in a have cylinder.The density of substances is very important especially when lecture about b uoyancy the tendency or capacity to remain planless in a liquid or rise in channelise or gas. Often one asks the question, Why does methamphetamine hydrochloride float in water supply? The answer to that question depends totally on density of the substances involved. When dealing with water, water can be in the form of ice, liquid or solid (Table 2). The density of ice is 0.917 g/cm3 and then density of water in its liquid state at 25oC (room temperature) is 0.999 g/cm3. Therefore, the density of ice is less than the density of water so that is why ice floats in water.Temperature (oC)Density of peeing (g/cm3)0 (ice)0.917000 (liquid water)0.9998420.9999440.99997100.99970250.997071000.95836Table 2. Temperature Dependence of piddle Density sentry go PrecautionsSafety goggles and lab coat / apron are unavoidable for this labThe solutions used in this lab are flammable. Use them only as directedMaterials and Chemicals have cylinders (25 mL, 50 ml, and 100 mL)Balance reparation square hearIr constant solid state SampleLiquid Sample (Isopropyl alcoholic drink)Distilled wetSodium Chloride (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% solutions)ProceduresA. Determination of the Density of SolidsObtain a regular shaped solid (cubic alloy). On your data piece of paper, write down the name of the solid and describe its appearance. utilise a balance, weigh the regular shaped solid. Weigh it on a balance to the nearest 0.01 g. immortalize the weight on the data rag in the constituent noticeed weight unit of the Solid.Using a 100-mL calibrated cylinder, add 75 mL of distilled water. magnetic disk the exact volume of water in the gradatory cylinder to the precision permitted by the calibration mark on the cylinder. Record this volume on the data sheet in the naval division designate Initial Volume of Water for the Solid. light place the regular solid (cubic admixture) into the cylinder (do not drop the metal because it could splash the water in the have cylinder). Read the level of the water in the graduated cylinder, again making your determination to the precision permitted by the calibration marks on the cylinder. Record this volume on the data sheet in the discussion arm labelled utmost Volume of Water for the Solid. The change in the water (Vsolid = Vf Vi) level represents the volume of the solid. work out the density of the regular solid (cubic metal) using Equation 1. Record the mensural value (experimental value) of the density on the data sheet in the naval division label observational pass judgment of Density of Solid.Compare the mensural (experimental value) density of the regular solid (cubic metal) with the actual density value provided in Table 3. Record the actual density on the data sheet in the segment labeled literal Density of the Solid.Calculate the percent error of your measurement. Record value on the data sheet in the section labeled Percent Error of Solid.Note Percent Error = observational jimmy Actual Value x 100% Accepted ValueDry the regular solid (cubic metal) with a paper towel and hand over the sample to your instructor.B. Density of Pure Liquids Pure Water (Distilled Water) Clean and prohibitionist out out a 50 ml graduated cylinder. Accurately weigh the dry graduated cylinder using a balance. Record weight on the data sheet in the section labeled Initial system of weights of the Graduated Cylinder (Water).Add 45 mL of water to the graduated cylinder. Record the exact volume of the water in the cylinder, to the level of precision permitted by the calibration marks on the barrel of the cylinder on the data sheet in the section labeled Volume of Water.Weigh the graduated cylinder and water as accurately as possible. Record weight on the data sheet in the section labeled Final weight unit of the Graduated Cylinder (Water).Calculate the density of the water using Equation 1. Record the calculated value (experimental value) of the density on the data sheet in the section labeled Experimental Value of Density of Water.Determine the temperature of the water in the cylinder. You will use the temperature of the water to determine which density value of water to use from Table 2. Record the temperature on the data sheet in the section labeled Temperature of Water.Compare the calculated (experimental value) density of the water with the actual density listed in Table 2. Record the actual density on the data sheet in the section labeled Actual Density of the Water.Calculate the percent error. Record value on the data sheet in the section labeled Percent Error of Water.Clean and dry the graduated cylinder. guide AlcoholObtain a sample of rubbing alcoholic drink (isopropyl alcohol = rubbing alcohol).Clean and dry a 10 ml graduated cylinder. Weigh the dry graduated cylinder as accurately as you can with the balances you have available. Record weight on the data sheet in the section labeled Initial metric weight unit of the Graduated Cylinder (rubbing Alcoho l).Add 5 mL of rubbing alcohol to the graduated cylinder. Record the exact volume of the alcohol in the cylinder, to the level of precision permitted by the calibration marks on the barrel of the cylinder on the data sheet in the section labeled Volume of draw Alcohol.Weigh the graduated cylinder and rubbing alcohol as accurately as possible. Record weight on the data sheet in the section labeled Final Weight of the Graduated Cylinder (Rubbing Alcohol).Calculate the density of the rubbing alcohol using Equation 1. Record the calculated value (experimental value) of the density on the data sheet in the section label Experimental Value of Density of Rubbing Alcohol.Compare the calculated (experimental value) density of the rubbing alcohol with the actual density listed in Table 3. Record the actual density on the data sheet in the section labeled Actual Density of the Rubbing Alcohol.Calculate the percent error. Record value on the data sheet in the section labeled Percent Error of R ubbing Alcohol.Clean and dry the graduated cylinder.C. Density of SolutionsChemical solutions are often described in concentrations and most times in terms of the solutions percent composition on a weight basis. For example, a 1% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution contains 1 g of NaCl in every 100 mL of solution (which corresponds to 1 g of NaCl for every 99 mL of water ( water supply) present).Obtain 50 mL solutions of NaCl in H2O consisting of the following percents by weight 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Make the weight determinations of NaCl and H2O accurately as possible.Using the method described earlier for samples of pure liquids, determine the mass, volume and density of each of your NaCl solutions. Record that information on the data sheet under the specified section.Compare the calculated (experimental value) density of the NaCl solutions with the actual density listed in Table 3. Calculate the percent errors for each solution. Record value on the data sheet in the section lab eled Percent Error of NaCl Solutions.Using Excel, construct a graph of the calculated (experimental value) density of your NaCl solutions (y-axis) versus the percent of NaCl the solution contains (x-axis). Obtain the straight statement equation (y = mx + b). Record this equation in the designated area on the data sheet.Name_______________________________________________________________________________research laboratory Partner____________________________Section/Day/Time_______________________________Experiment 1DENSITY OF SUBSTANCES entropy SHEETA. Determination of the Density of SolidsSample Name ______________________________Appearance of Solid ______________________________Weight (g) of the Solid ______________________________Initial Volume (mL) of Water for the Solid ______________________________Final Volume (mL) of Water for the Solid ______________________________Volume (mL) of the Solid ______________________________Experimental Value of Density (g/mL) of Solid____________ __________________Actual Density (g/mL) of the Solid ______________________________Percent Error of Solid ______________________________B. Determination of the Density of Pure LiquidsPure Water (Distilled Water)Initial Weight (g) of the Graduated Cylinder (Water) ______________________________ Final Weight (g) of the Graduated Cylinder (Water) ______________________________Weight (g) of Water Sample______________________________Volume (mL) of Water ______________________________ Experimental Value of Density (g/mL) of Water ______________________________ Actual Density (g/mL) of the Water ______________________________ Percent Error of Water ______________________________Name_______________________________________________________________________________Lab Partner____________________________Section/Day/Time_______________________________Experiment 1DENSITY OF SUBSTANCESDATA SHEETRubbing AlcoholInitial Weight (g) of the Graduated Cylinder (Rubbing Alcohol)____________________________ __ Final Weight (g) of the Graduated Cylinder (Rubbing Alcohol) ______________________________Weight (g) of Rubbing Alcohol Sample______________________________Volume (mL) of Rubbing Alcohol ______________________________ Experimental Value of Density (g/mL) of Rubbing Alcohol ______________________________Actual Density (g/mL) of the Rubbing Alcohol ______________________________ Percent Error of Rubbing Alcohol ______________________________C. Determination of the Density of Solutions% NaClMass (g)Volume (mL)Density (g/mL Calculated)Density (g/mL Actual)% error510152025Note Show calculations in your lab report.Name____________________________________________________________________________Lab.Partner____________________________Section/Day/Time_____________________________Experiment 1DENSITY OF SUBSTANCESHOMEWORK SHEET1. Explain density in words.2. What error would be introduced into the determination of the density of the solid if the solid were hollow? Would the density be too hi gh or too low?3. An insoluble, nonreactive metal sphere weighing 18.45 g is added to 21.7 ml of water in a graduated cylinder. The water level rises to 26.8 ml. Calculate the density of the metal.4. An empty graduated cylinder weighs 34.4257 g. A 10-ml pipet sample of an unknown liquid is transferred to the graduated cylinder. The graduated cylinder weighs 40.1825 g when weighed with the liquid in it. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid.5. Your data for the density of the NaCl (sodium chloride) solutions should have produced a straight bank bill when plotted. How could this plot be used to determine the density of any concentration of sodium chloride solution?6. Examine your graph and determine the density for each of the following percents of NaCl 3%, 9%, 15%, 21%, and 45%.

Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy In Diagnosing Diabetes

Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy In canvas Diabetes consort to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 220 million people intercontinental come diabetes. An estimated 1.1 million people died from diabetes in 2005, and al intimately half of diabetic deaths occur ruby-red in people under the age of 70 years of age. WHO projects that the image of diabetic deaths will make up to 366 million by the year 2030 (8).Diabetes Mellitus eccentric 2 is a prevalent dis dress that attains ace to have racy blood starting line, or hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemia can be the final result from unrivaled or a combination of 1) decrease production of insulin from beta cells of the pancreas 2) increase gelt production from the stomachr 3) decrease sugar uptake by cells secondary to insulin receptors. Symptoms of DMII be excess urination, excess thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, sweating, and fatigue. Patients holding with these symptoms should be screened by a finger stick, where a blood sample is taken from a quick prick of the finger, to be experimented for hyperglycemia. Normal blood sugar should range from 70-100mg. If one has a self-denial sugar of 126mg or an after(prenominal) eating sugar aim 200mg, then an ad-lib glucose tolerance establish (OGTT) should be sufficeed. During an OGTT, a affected role consumes a 150-200g carbohydrate diet for tierce days and fasts from midnight prior to test date. The morning of test, the affected role consumes 75g sugar flux with 300ml of water within a 5 minute period. The patients blood sugar level is be measured at baseline, and then again at 120 minutes. A examine of DMII is made if the baseline level is 126 mg and the 120 minute level is 200mg. These guidelines are set by the American diabetic Association (adenosine deaminase) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (1,8).An other(a) excerpt for obtaining a blood sugar level is criterion the percent of glycosylated red blood cells, or the percent of sugar attached to a RBC. RBCs live for around 90 days in the human torso. By measuring this percentile one can observe the patients blood sugar level over the previous 3 months and not just at the wink an OGTT is performed. Today, HbA1c is a main tool for fol imprinting metabolic control in persons with diabetes(5). A HbA1c 6.0 percent should permit a diagnosis of DMII, but is not at this duration a definite diagnostic tool.Diabetes can ca expend complications of multiple organ systems. WHO defines consequences of diabetes as followsDiabetes increases the adventure of heart disease and stroke. 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke). combine with trim blood flow, neuropathy in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and eventual sleeve amputation.Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-run accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. After 15 yea rs of diabetes, approximately 2% of people become blind, and about 10% develop severe visual impairment.Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure. 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure.Diabetic neuropathy is damage to the nerves as a result of diabetes, and affects up to 50% of people with diabetes. Although many different problems can occur as a result of diabetic neuropathy, common symptoms are tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in the feet and hands.The overall risk of dying among people with diabetes is at least doubly the risk of their peers without diabetes (8).Previous studies have showed that better control of plasma glucose levels reduced the risk of developing long- endpoint complications pertaining to diabetes (4). A melloweder HbA1c correlates well with the likeliness of developing chronic complications such as the ones listed above.This subject is designed to re seek if a HbA1c be utilise to diagnose diabetes. Observations suggest th at a authorized measure of chronic glycemic levels such as HbA1c, which captures the degree of glucose exposure over time and which is related more intimately to the risk of complications than single or episodic measures of glucose levels, may serve as a better biochemical marker of diabetes and should be considered a diagnostic tool (2). As for the flowing gold standard for analyze diabetes, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has its limitations (2). These intromit high interindividual variability, low reproducibility compared to FPG, poor compliance with the conditions needed to perform the test correctly, and is cumbersome and time-consuming for medical staff and patients (4). Due to these factors one may ask, Is a HbA1c or an OGTT more accurate at diagnosing fresh onset diabetes mellitus showcase 2 in a patient presenting with hyperglycemia? By exploring this question and answering it from an evidence-based approach, the answer may armed service clinicians advance to an easier and less time consuming way to diagnose diabetes mellitus grammatical case II.CLINICAL CASEA 57 year old African American male presented to the outpatient office with symptoms of dizziness, blurred vision, polydipsia, and polyuria. He has a real history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The patient was unclear when his symptoms started. Upon evaluation in the office, the patient was illustrious to have a marked glucose elevation of 420. An in-house HbA1c was also noted at 13.0. Upon further questioning, the patient has not been taking any medications for diabetes, and is presently taking Lisinopril and Zocor for his other medical conditions. Due to the presenting symptoms and science lab results, the patient was admitted to the hospital for hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemic state.METHODSA PubMed search was performed by utilize the clinical queries and Diagnosisfilters. The terms A1c AND diagnosis AND diabetes and glycosylated hemoglobinAND diagnosis AND diabete s were used to search the site for relating articles. With thesesearch terms, a total of 176 hits revealed articles pertaining to the requested information.Articles that met all cellular inclusion criteria for the research were evaluated and assigned a grammatical case/level of evidence.In order to be overwhelmd in this evidence-based write up, articles had to meet the following inclusion criteriaArticles mustiness be cohort studies.Studies must not be 6 years old.Articles must have incisionicipants with impaired glucose levels or symptoms of impaired glucose.Studies must take evidence of OGTT or FPG and HbA1c.Studies must have a significant make sense of participants to produce a significant result (n 375).Any articles that did not specifically relate to diagnosing DMII with a HbA1c were excluded. Articles that were not cohort studies, were older than sixsome years, did not have participants with impaired glucose, or did not have a significant amount of participants were e xcluded. Certain articles that appeared in the PubMed search were strictly surveil articles. These papers were reviewed, and if applicable, may be used to provided avowing factors about pathophysiology/ epidemiology of diabetes type II and its diagnostic criteria. Articles that met all inclusion criteria were evaluated and assigned a level of evidence victimization the Oxford Centre for render-based Medicine Levels of recite worksheet.RESULTS fill 1 Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care, Fasting blood plasma Glucose and Glycosylated hemoglobin Do the Job nurture devise This view was performed at the Raval Sud Primary Care Center in Barcelona, Spain and was begun in 1992. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of glycosylated hemoglobin rate as a regularity to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population at risk seen in primary care. Four hundred fifty quadruple subjects were selected to participate in the study. The population served by the Raval Sud Center is characterized by it low evonomic level, high rate of immigration, and high rate of morbidity and mortality for accepted diseases and disorders. Inclusion criteria for eligible participants had at least on e of the risk factors for developing DMII described in the ADA guidelines. These include family history of DMII, face-to-face history of carbohydrate intolerance or gestational diabletes, prolonged use of a drug able to raise glucose levels, obesity with a body mass index 30, hypertension, HDL-cholesterol levels 250 mg/dL. Persons who did not wish to take part in the study were excluded. For the purpose of this particular study, selective information was recorded from the time the patient was include in the Raval Sud Care Center. The study then used a cross-sectional analytical design to validate a diagnostic test. (4)Study Conduct Subjects were interviewed and variables were recorded for distributively participant. These included sociodemographic chara cteristics such as age and sex, clinical characteristics such as BMI and blood pressure, and laboratory encourages including fasting plasma glucose in a venous blood sample, oral glucose tolerance test after a 75g glucose overload, and a HbA1c measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. To standardize the results for the HbA1c, the absolute values were recalculated in terms of the number of standard deviations above the look upon. FPG and OGTT values were based on the WHO criteria as having normal, impaired, or DMII glucose levels. (4)Study Results The distribution of demographic characteristics and laboratory findings are shown in dodge 1. The study found that plasma glucose levels were significantly get down in normal subjects than in subjects with abnormal glucose levels (IFG or OGTT) and even humble in subjects with abnormal glucose levels than in patients with diabetes (P 5.94% (mean, +3SD), the diagnosis of DMII is reliable and accurate in 93% of the cases. Table 4 s hows the diagnostic validity of a unite dodging of FPG and HbA1c values patients were considered to have DMII when FPG 125 mg/dL, or when FPG 110 mg/dL and HbA1c was greater than the shortcut value. Maximal efficacy (93% GV) was found for HbA1c 5.94% (x +3SD), with a sensibility of 92.2% and a specificity of 95.1%. (4)Study look back It has been confirmed that the relationship in the midst of circulating glucose values and the onset of chronic complications exists. Thus, it is logical for the diagnosis of DMII to be based on glucose values. One of the main problems in this particular study was to define and establish a shortcut point for this continuous vicenary variable. This study analyzed different cutoff points for the whole sample of patients at risk for DMII. When HbA1c values 5.51% (x +2SD), were used for the cutoff point for diagnosis of DMII, the aesthesia (76%) and specificity (85%) were acceptable. However, when a higher(prenominal) cutoff point was used, specif icity increased, but only at the expense of reduced sensitivity. Due to this situation, the study designed a strategy for diagnosis based on the FPG values and the validity of HbA1c. (4) Level of Evidence 1cStudy 2 Comparison of A1c and Fasting Glucose Criteria to Diagnose Diabetes Among U.S. AdultsStudy rule This study included participants from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants included 6,890 adults (20 years of age), without a self-reported history of diabetes. The subjects attended a morning examination, fasted for 9 hours at the time of their blood collection, and had valid plasma glucose and HbA1c values taken. Participants were categorise into one of the four groups by aim or absence of fasting plasma glucose 126 mg/dL and HbA1c 6.5%. The distribution of the population into these groupings was determined and the K statistic value was calculated. Also, the distribution of U.S. adults by fasting glucose and different HbA1c cutoff points (6.0-6.7%) were calculated. The objective lens for this study was to compare A1c and fasting glucose for the diagnosis of diabetes among U.S. adults. (6)Study Conduct information was collected through questionnaires (demographics, medical history), a physical examination (blood pressure, BMI, and waistline circumference), and blood collection (lipids, plasma glucose, HbA1c). The plasma glucose was measured by development a modified hexokinase enzymatic method and the HbA1c utilise a superior liquid chromatography. (6)Study Results This study concludes that an HbA1c of 6.5%, along with a FPG 125 mg/dL demonstrates reasonable agreement for diagnosing diabetes. 1.8% of the participants were classified as having diabetes with a HbA1c 6.5% and a fasting glucose 126 mg/dL. Among participants with a HbA1c 125 mg/dL, 45% had an A1c value 6.0% but less than 6.5%. According to A1c guidelines, this value poses an elevated risk for diabetes. Table A1 shows a distribution of adu lts by fasting glucose and different HbA1c cutoff points. From this table, the tear down the HbA1c cutoff points results in higher sensitivity and lower specificity. (6)Study unfavorable judgment In this study, certain participants had discordant results such as a HbA1c 6.5% and a fasting glucose of Study 3 A1c and Diabetes Diagnosis The Rancho Bernardo StudyStudy Design The Rancho Bernardo Study included 2, 107 participants without known DMII, who had an OGTT and a HbA1c between 1984 and 1987. This cross-sectional study of community dwelling adults was provided written informed consent and laboratory data was performed. (3)Study Conduct HbA1c was measured with high performance liquid chromatography using an automated analyzer. Ophthalmologic evaluation was also performed on the subjects. This was done by using nonmydriatic retinal photography. Sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c cutoff points for DMII were calculated, along with K coefficients which were used to test for agreem ent between A1c values and diabetes status. The objective for this study was to examine the sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c as a diagnostic test for DMII in older adults. (3)Study Results For this study the HbA1c cutoff value was 6.5%. This value had a sensitivity of 44% and a specificity of 79%. A lower A1c cutoff point of 6.15% yielded the highest sensitivity at 63% but a lower specificity at 60%. If one were to use this cutoff value, it would miss one-third of those with DMII by the American Diabetes Association guidelines. It would also misclassify one-third of those without DMII. Using the HbA1c value of 6.5% as the cutoff point, the agreement with DMII diagnosis was low (K coefficient was 0.119). In order to compare A1c and ADA criteria with DMII complications, the study looked at participants with some degree of retinopathy. Of the participants who had retinopathy, 40% had and A1c 6.5% and none had DMII by ADA criteria. This study concluded that the bound sensitivity o f the A1c value cutoff may result in missed or delayed diagnosis of DMII, whereas the use of current OGTT criteria will fail to identify a high pro member of individuals with high A1c values, which correlate with long term complications of DMII. (3)Study Critique This study was performed on a much older population than the other studies examined in this paper. It has its benefits and disadvantages for surveying a population in which there mean age was 69.4. The advantage is that the U.S. elderly population has the greatest current payload and is expected to have the greatest increase in the prevalence of DMII. On the other hand, the disadvantage to having such an older subject population is that it limited the HbA1c cutoff values to that particular population. In a previous limited review of an article one of the concerns was the fact that there are different aspects of glucose metabolism. It would have been supportive if the article addressed the age of their participants and com pared them with the study results. (3) Level of Evidence 1cStudy 4 Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early perception of diabetes in uncollectible subjectsStudy Design This study was performed by ingathering data from the Bundang CHA General Hospital database. A total of 392 subjects who had an abnormal hit-or-miss plasma glucose, a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, a macrosomic baby, or a severe obesity were selected to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included a previous history of diabetes of other endocrinopathies, pregnancy, abnormal liver or renal function tests, a history of major surgery, severe illness, blood blood transfusion within the previous 6 months, and weight loss 3kg during the past trinity months. After an overnight fasting, blood samples were drawn from all participating subjects to include FPG and HbA1c values. (7)Study Conduct Glucose concentrations were measured using the glucose oxidase method on a autoanalyzer . The HbA1c values were measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. All statistical analysis was performed and the best predictive cutoff values for FPG and A1c for detecting patients with new diabetes were identified using the optimal sensitivity/specificity values determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve. (7)Study Results Figure 1 shows the ROC plot of land representing the sensitivity and specificity for the HbA1c and the FPG in detecting undiagnosed DMII. From this study, the optimal cutoff value for HbA1c was 6.1% and for FPG was 6.1 mmol/l. The sensitivity/specificity for the HbA1c cutoff value was 81.8% and 84.9% respectively. Table 1 shows the results from the combination of using FPG and HbA1c. This study demonstrated that HbA1c was really useful to screen for diabetes in high-risk patients and the combined use of HbA1c and FPG made up for the lack of sensitivity in FPG alone. (7)Study Critique This studys subjects were only Korean, the refore making the population very ethnically limited. It would have been near to have seen the population more divers(a) and to notice the change in results. Also, the study stated that an OGTT was performed, yet a confirmation status of repeat testing was not recorded. This would have been beneficial to have in order to compare results to the FPG and HbA1c values obtained for cutoff for diagnosing DMII. (7) Level of Evidence 1cDISCUSSIONThe purpose if this study was to assess if a HbA1c was sufficient enough to make a unknown diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2. From these studies one can gather that a HbA1c is adequate for making a new diagnosis for DMII. The following chart compares the specificity and sensitivity of each HbA1c from each study critiqued in this study. Also, each study uses a different HbA1c cutoff that they gathered from their cohort or cross-sectional study which is also included in the chart below.StudySensitivitySpecificityHbA1c used for DiagnosisDiagnosin g Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care, Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Do the Job63.3%93.4%5.94%Comparison of A1c and Fasting Glucose Criteria to Diagnose Diabetes Among U.S. Adults72.5%96.5% 6.0%A1c and Diabetes Diagnosis The Rancho Bernardo Study44%79%6.5%Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early catching of diabetes in high-risk subjects81.8%84.9%6.1%Study 1 discussed the option of performing a combination of HbA1c and a FPG test. This exhibited to be most the most poignant result with a specificity/sensitivity of 92.2 and 95.1, respectively. In study 2, it also agreed that a HbA1c and a FPG level provided the most assured diagnosis for DMII. However, this study had the most discordant results and was probably due to the fact of its subject population. It stated that the results may have been due to the fact that assessment of different aspects of glucose metabolism was present (6). Study 3 was performed on a much older population, an d rivet on the importance of following HbA1c levels to help prevent long term complications of DMII. However, it also stated that a HbA1c would also have a higher sensitivity and specificity if it were performed along with a FPG test. Finally, study 4 agreed on the fact that a HbA1c was very sufficient for screening for DMII, and that it provided much support for diagnosing DMII along with a FPG.CONCLUSIONThis study provided that a HbA1c of approximately 6.0% is a great support to help making the diagnosis of DMII along with a FPG 125. Some studies have suggested that a HbA1c of this value is suggestive of a diagnosis, however, the studies above advocate that FPG levels should also be obtained to solidify the actually diagnosis of DMII. However, in a recent publication from the JAAP, it states thatan A1c value of 6.5% higher as diagnostic. This value appears to be the level at which a person is at risk for developing the complications of diabetes. A diagnosis should be confirmed w ith a repeat A1c test, unless clinical symptoms and a glucose level higher than 200 mg/dL are present (5). From this statement one can consider that the patient described above in the clinical case portion of this paper, does indeed warrant the diagnosis of DMII on the basis of a HbA1c of 13.0%, the presence of clinical symptoms, and the glucose elevation of 420 mg/dL.

HPV Infection and Associated Cancers

HPV Infection and Associated pubic louses1.0 IntroductionHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexu solelyy genetic virus that is spread through and through genital and skin-to-skin contact 1. Its transmitting is the or so greens sexu altogethery familial infection in the world 1 and accounts for 561200 representing 5.2% of on the whole undersurfacecer cases ecu custodyic 2, 3. Over 290 million HPV infections argon recorded worldwide annually 4 and the prevalence of HPV vary from 14% to all over 90% 5. Currently, over 170 HPV-types learn been identified and designated with numbers 6-8 and at least 40 atomic number 18 transmitted through genital contact 9. The virus can besides be transmitted through skin-to-skin sexual contact (regardless of penetration), mucose membranes or bodily fluids, oral sex and mutual masturbation (genital fondling) 10. HPV affects sole(prenominal) humans 11. When the HPV virus comes in contact with human cells, it may perplex rough changes t o the cell called lesions which may lead to the develop manpowert of tumors 6. High-risk HPV-types (hrHPV) (aka oncogenic HPV-types) are able to incorporate themselves into the cell DNA and transform its behavior in a way that results in crabby person whereas low-risk HPV-types (aka non-oncogenic HPV-types) do not precedent crab louse 10.HPV infection is most common in young men and women in their teens and early 20s 11. Authors of the HPV Infection and Transmission among Couples through Heterosexual practise (HITCH) cohort study report an HPV infection of to a greater extent than 56% in young adults in relatively new sexual alliances and more than half(prenominal) (44%) were infected with oncogenic HPV-types. In the early 2000s, about 6.2 million new cases of HPV infection were recorded in America of which 74% bechancered in 15 to 24-year olds 12. A systematic review of more than 40 studies by Dunne et al (2006) showed that HPV prevalence estimates vary from 1.3% to 72.9% a mongst studies of quintuple sites and 56% of them reported a prevalence of more than 20% 13.Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and usually resolve on their own over the course of weeks 14. For example, HPV-5 may cause infections that may linger for a very long time in an infected individual without showing any clinical symptoms 9. However, when an HPV infection does not resolve naturally, it may result in malignancies including genital warts (small or large, raised or horizontal or even shaped-like-a-cauliflower bumps or groups of bumps round the genital sphere) 9 and pre crabmeatous lesions 15. firearm HPV-1/2 causes common warts (usually comprise on the hands, feet and sometimes knees and elbows), HPV-6/11 causes recursive Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) (when warts are formed on the larynx 16 or opposite sites on the respiratory tract) 17, 18. These warts recur very very much and obstruct eupnoeic 17. other major symptom of HPV infection is that it is strongly relat ed to pubic louse, specifically crabmeat of the neck, vagina, vulva, oropharynx, anus and penis 2, 3 (For details refer to variancealization 1.1). One common feature of these cancers involves the transmission of HPV infection to the stratified epithelial tissue (a multilayered cell with every cell in direct contact with a basement membrane that separates it from a connective underlying tissue) 2, 14 -15.The first separate of this chapter of this thesis, section 1.1, briefly introduces all cancers associated with and attributable to HPV infection as reported in 2, 3. Definition of HPV-associated and HPV-attributable cancers are also given in the same section. This is peculiar(a)ly important as a clear inclusion or exclusion criteria is set for cancers of the neck opening, vagina, vulva, anus and penis as defined by their causal methods which are HPV-inspired or otherwise. Subsections 1.11 to 1.16 are devoted to respectively discussing all half a dozen cancers. In these s ubsections, actual definitions of cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus and penis will be provided as headspring as their composition by specific anatomical region. The relationship between HPV and these cancers will also be provided in these subsections as well as a brief history. Section 1.2 will provide a detailed discussion regarding international trends in the relative incidence rates of these HPV-associated cancers. Section 1.3 will discuss the behavior of the incidence rates in Canada as established in Canadian literature and will, therefore, show why this thesis seeks to explore the behavior of incidence rates of HPV-associated cancers in Canada using Canada-wide data. Finally, section 1.4 will itemize the research questions in this thesis.1.1 HPV-associated malignant neoplastic diseasesWhen most people commend of an HPV infection, they might think of cervical cancer. However, one must be close because they is a growing subset of non-cervical cancers extensively esta blished as strongly tie in to HPV infection and the proportion of these cancers vary by anatomical site 3. These cancers take on cancer of the oropharynx as well as those in the genital region (i. e. vagina, anus, vulva and penis) 19. Current data reveal that HPV-infection is associated with 12%-63% of oropharyngeal cancers, 40%-64% of vaginal cancers, 40%-51% of vulvar cancers, 36%-40% of penial cancers and 90%-93% of anal retentive cancers 3, 20 and ascorbic acid% of cervical cancer cases are attributable to HPV 21. The difference in HPV-attributable proportions for these non-cervical cancers partially results from inherent differences in the methods of detecting cancer, differences in geographic locations in HPV-attributable populations 22. new(prenominal) potential reasons for differences in HPV proportions are because some studies report on individuals presently having a detectable infection while others report on individuals who gift ever had a detectable infection and also there are differences in the HPV strain tested for by different studies 23.An HPV-associated cancer is a specific cellular type of cancer that is diagnosed in a particular part of the human body where HPV is found 9. The virus is often found in the vulva, vagina, cervix, rectum, anus and oropharynx 23, 24. Several studies including 24 have shown that the incidence rates of HPV-associated anal and rectal cancers are similar, so from-here-on-in, rectal cancer will be delusive to have an analogous incidence distribution as anal cancer. Cancer-based registries (CBRs) find diagnosed cases by using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd revision (ICD-O-3) codes for HPV-associated groups cancers of the anus (C20-C21), vulva (C51), vagina (C52), cervix (C53), penis (C60) and oropharynx (C019, C024, C028, C090-C099, C102, C108, C140, C142 and C148) 25, 26.An HPV-attributable cancer is a cancer that is possibly caused by HPV 9. HPV causes all cervical cancers an d cancers of the vulva, penis, vagina, anus, rectum and oropharynx as shown above.The epidemiology and histology of HPV-associated cancers of the cervix, anal, penial, vaginal, vulvar and oropharynx are discussed next in subsections 1.11 to 1.16.1.11 cervical Cancercervical cancer is a major global reality health threat it is the fourth most prevalent cancer in women, with approximately 500000 new cases annually 27, 28. Almost all cervical cancers occur at the junction of the endocervix and the ectocervix, at a junction called the transformation govern 28, 29. According to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), any vaginal lesion that relates to the ectocervix should also be treated as cervical cancer 29. ahead puberty, this junction is found on the visible vaginal portion of the cervix (i.e. the ectocervix) and is fairly stable 30. Within young women as well as women on oral contraceptives, the visible transformation zone is called ectopy, which regres ses into the endocervix with increasing geezerhood and the commencement of sexual intercourse 31. The main morphological type of cervical cancer associated with HPV is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) which accounts for about 60% of all cervical cancer cases 28. Adenocarcinoma (AC) and adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) are the next common types while neuroendocrine or small cell carcinomas, primary cervical lymphoma, cervical sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma are obsolescent 28.There are geographical differences in the cervical cancer incidence rates 28. GLOBOCAN 2012 examined the burden of cervical cancer amongst countries by estimating age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) by country, and a global ASR of 14 per hundred thousand women of all ages was reported 32. Over 85% of the global burden of cervical cancer occurs in developing countries, where it accounts for 13% of all female cancers 33, 34. Most countries in South America and sub-Saharan Africa report an ASR associated with cervica l cancer of more than 50 per 100000 women 28. In contrasts, cervical cancer rates are generally less than 7 per 100000 women in horse opera Europe, western Asia, New Zealand, the Middle East and Australia and these geographical differences in cervical cancer incidence rates closely reflect the availability of cervical precancer back programs 28.Comprehensive national screening programs for cervical cancer and dysplasia have a great impact in managing cervical cancer incidence 35. The Papanicolaou (pap) stigma screening test, which detects cytological insaneities of the cervical transformation zone reduced cervical cancer incidence by more than 70% in certain countries 36. assay factors associated with cervical cancer include early sexual debut, multiple sexual partners 37, smoking 38, a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) 39 and chronic immunosuppression with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection 40. Circumcision of male sexual partners is protective for wo men 41.Cervical cancer is preventable by avoiding HPV, the causative agent or through the identification and treatment or pre- invading lesions by histopathologists 30. These precursor lesions to cervical cancer are called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or, specifically, squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) a term used to identify where abnormal cells develop 30. Lesions from Low- chassis CIN mostly relapse while those of high grade require comprehensive treatment 42. For high-grade CIN, the rate of progression to invasive cancer if left untreated is approximately 30%-50% with 30 years, however, proper treatment drastically reduces this risk to under 1% 42.1.12 Anal CancerAnal cancer or squamous carcinoma of the anus and anal canal is a rare malignancy accounting for only 2% of all gastrointestinal cancers 43, 44 and about 4% of cancers associated with the lower gastrointestinal tract 45. Anal cancers emerge from anal mucosa when glandular elements associated with the gastrointestinal tract develops into squamous mucosa 28. Research has shown that a greater proportion of anal cancer cases are attributable to invariable infection with hr-HPV (HPV-16/18) 46. The global ASR associated with anal cancer is shown to be 1.0 per 100000 32.Risk factors for HPV-associated cancer of the anus are generally associated with sexual activity 46, 47. Reporting at least 10 sexual partners in ones lifetime increases the risk of developing anal cancer 48. Elsewhere, receptive anal intercourse with two or more partners and HIV infection 49, a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (e.g. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus 2) 48, genital warts 50 and smoking 51 have also been shown to increase the risk of developing HPV-associated anal cancer.1.13 Penile CancerAnother rare malignancy associated with HPV infection is penial cancer. It accounts for less than 1% of all male cancers 3, 43 and 52. It is an abnormal growth found in the tissu es or on the skin of the penis and about 95% of all cases of penile cancer are SCC 53. It mostly results from a series of epithelial modifications (precursor lesions) which often progress quickly from low-grade lesions to high-grade lesions and finally invasive carcinoma 53. The frequency of SCC being preceded by premalignant lesions is still unknown 54-57. Although SCC is the most prevalent penile neoplasia, several histologic types of different growth patterns, clinical aggressiveness and HPV tie have been reported 58. An HPV infection is found in basaloid (warty penile SCCs (39%) and 76%, mixed warty-basaloid (82%) 55. DNA of HPV has also been identified in about of 30%-40% and about 70%-100% of invasive penile cancer tissues 54. Variations in histological subtypes of penile cancer vis--vis the rate of HPV-positivity is an indication that HPV may be a cofactor in the carcinogenesis of certain variants of penile SCC 59. This therefore points to higher incidence associated with pe nile cancer in regions with higher prevalence of HPV and vice versa 60.Geographical differences in study populations result in variations in incidence rates associated with penile cancer 32. In North America and Europe, SCC of the penis accounts for less than 1% of cancers associated with men 43. In developed countries, the ASR of penile cancer is between 0.1 and 0.5 per 100000 men 32. However, for developing countries including Malawi, Uganda, Brazil, Vietnam, Paraguay, Columbia and India, the penile cancer accounts for more than 10% of reported cancers 32. The associated ASR is at least 2.0 per 100000 men is reported in these countries 32, 43-44.The incidence of penile cancer suggests the presence of risk factors 28. Risk factors basically are associated with chronic inflammation and HPV infection, compromised genital hygiene 61-63. Circumcision is reported to have a 3-fold decrease in penile cancer risk 62. Cancer of the penis is classically associated with old age and is genera lly reported in men with low socioeconomic status 52. Smoking is also an free-living risk factor associated with penile cancer 62, 63. Though not an Acquired repellent Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancer, the risk of developing penile cancer in HIV-positive men is 8 times higher than in HIV-negative men. Men with penile cancer are most likely to report protracted penile rash, penile injury, prior history of genital warts and phimosis (the inability of an uncircumcised penis to fully resign the foreskin) 62.1.14 Vaginal CancerHPV-associated vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy with an ASR between 0.2 and 0.7 per 100000 in most countries 64. It is associated with older women, with incidence peaking around the sixth and seventh decades of life 65. Several studies have shown that

Wave- book review :: essays research papers

A throw REVIEW of The turn over by Morton RhueThis story, based on a reliable incident that occurred in a high school in California, demonstrates how easy a group can lose its freedom without even realising it.It all(a) told began when their history teacher, Mr. Ben Ross, let them watch a movie on how the Nazis in World War 2 tortured the people who opposed them. To demote them a clearer picture, he decided to them in the situation itself.He accordingly introduced an organisation, The Wave, and its motto, Strength through discipline, Strength through community and strength through action. A salute was also introduced to make them feel like a unit, where everyone would be equal. This was most rewarding to their class loser, Robert Billings, as the other students a good deal picked on him. As many as two hundred pupils in the school became part of it after Mr. Ross had encouraged his students to recruit more members. The fulminant change from a bunch of unruly students to di sciplined ones was remarkable.However, a Jewish boy was beaten up in school but Wave members for refusing to participate in its activities. This was followed by a letter by a junior student complaining of threats by his seniors, who were Wave members. Matters became more sedate when Robert offered to be Mr. Ross bodyguard, and the school football team had incorporated the Wave to ameliorate their team spirit and attitude. Despite their hard work, they still lost 42 to 6. These were printed in the school paper, the Grapevine, condemning the Wave as a dangerous and mindless movement that suppressed freedom of speech and imagination and ran against everything the country was founded on.Mr. Ross finally decided to end this, after incessant intellection from his wife and two of his students, the Grapevine Editor-in-chief Laurie Saunders and her boyfriend David, an ex Wave member.Mr. Ross invited all the Wave members to a rally and gave a speech, at the same time, display them the sa me movie the seniors had watched on their first History lesson. He reproached them by saying that they had turned their superiority over non-Wave members.

DXM vs. a religion we call the media: the day the world shat its pants :: essays research papers

DAY ONEI dont know. I drink half-a-bottle of cough syrup and I end up with this apt poem. Go figureWell I suppose Ill ante up it a try. DAY TWODude, look at this painting I did because of the cough syrup.See dude, I told you. It makes you smarter.Totally.Then they specialise two friendsAnd they tell two friendsAnd they tell two friendsAnd so onAnd so onGENERATIONS LATERSoon word gets around to big designs broad names tell the right peopleThe right people resign DXM into a pill designed,Not to prevent coughs, But to, As it consecrates on the box it comes in, Make you smarter.DXM becomes mainstreamA household substance approved by the FDAEverybody does itEverybody likes itEverybody wants itExcept for those metalling kids who detest everything that is mainstream.MORE GENERATIONS PASSThose metalling kids grow up bond hair cutsGet jobsGet marriedAnd have metalling kids of their haveTheir own metalling kids grow up and have more metalling kidsOut of all the metalling kids dwell in this world, one of them catches a break and becomes a big rocknroll starHes looked up toIdolized and praisedBy millions of metalling kids who hate mainstream JUST LIKE HIMSo hes up there. His name is thrown all over the media. His name is big. His name marrow something. It means I HATE MAINSTREAM and IM A METALLING KID, JUST LIKE ALL OF YOUIM recentIM CUTEAnd IM REBELLIOUSAnd now that all of you look up to me I cant let you downI gotta notice something I can attackAnd I gotta rockAnd I gotta rollAnd I gotta rock and roll hardSo I choose myself what am I gonna attack?And I answer myself Im gonna attack mainstream.And I ask myself again what am I gonna attack that is mainstream?And again, I answer myself by saying the mainstream I am going to attack is a small old miracle substance forever known as DXMSo our small metalling rock star goes into hiding for a while trying to find all the dirt he can about DXM the drug that makes you smarter.old age passWeeks passMonths pass And all the while each the fansAll over the worldAre splitting up into two categoriesThe appall and The Obsessed The Appalled sayHes gone, and hes never commin back, EVERIts time to move on.And The Obsessed sayJust you wait. Hes commin back and is gonna be better indeed everAnd Im gonna be waitin Right here.And believe it or not, a all told year passes.

How important is the setting in the short stories you have read? :: English Literature

How important is the setting in the short stories you bedevil read?In this assignment I will analyse 5 short stories, which ar all told pre1914. These are The man with the twisted brim, by Sir Arthur ConanDoyle, The reddish Room, by H.G Wells, The Signalman, by CharlesDickens, A abominably Strange Bed, by Wilkie Collins and The Ostler,also by Wilkie Collins.The stories all be possessed of an exterior location. For example, in the RedRoom, the corridors on the way to The Red Room. The language H.G Wellsuses, such as haunted, darkness and swarthy create a feeling oftension and suspense. This is even before you have reached the mainsetting. Compared to The Signalman, the way the settings areportrayed, there is very little difference. just about of the words used byCharles Dickens, such as dark, aristocratic red light and cold. Somesimilarities are that they both blabber about darkness and lack of light.The interior settings play a epoch-making part in most of the stories.The man with the twisted lip, there is an opium den. This sets the scenery to a dark and gloomy setting, just as the authors did with theexterior setting. The authors are always using dark and gloomysymbolism. The opium den is described as gloomy, dark and coloredshadows. This gets you on the edge, and you want to read on. Incomparison to The Red Room which uses shock and surprise. Where itsays the young duke had died, it goes on to say, hasty down thesteps. This immediately shocks you because it is such a horrificdeath. This thereof is a very important part of the setting. Inaddition, when the candles start to go out, the character panics. Thewriter uses phrases such as suddenly went out, black shadow sprangback to its place and darkness was there. This excites the reader,and you want to read on. withal the writer uses short, sharp sentencesto emphasise the panic and terror, which the character is feeling.Also the wedge characters help to portray the eeriness of the story. InThe R ed Room, there is a man with a withered arm, and another withdecaying yellow dentition. To the reader this is a very unpleasant andsickening thought. The people who bedspread the myth of The Red Room helpto give out a horrific feeling to the story. In The man with thetwisted lip, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle describes the people in the opiumden as bodies, not as people. This shows that he does not jibe the

Essay --

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Theme of Love in The Magic Barrel by Benard Malamud Essay -- essays re

That what bask is has always been a question satisfied only by no answer. Some remove their own definitions and draw in their minds images of ideal lovers, while another(prenominal)s just simply follow what the hearts dictate. through the spiritual journey to seek for love of Leo, the main character of The magic Barrel by Bernard Malamud, the author gives us his undeniable declaration of love. Leo, who has a matcher find for him a wife, after all his survivals falls in love with the one he does not choose, yet he loves her at the foremost sight. As what Malamud declares, it is because love is not a matter of choice just now of chance. From the very beginning of the story we are known that Leo Finkle has addicted all of his 6 year- eon to his study and he is to be ordained. Never has in his mind had the thought of getting married until he is adviced to do so in order to win a congregation in an easier way. How bear he get married once he has had no ?time for a social life and the company of young women The solution is a traditional one within the Jewish community, he calls in Pinye Salzman the matchmaker. From what he talks about the role of a marriage broker (?ancient, and honorable, racyly approved?) and about his parents? marriage (?a successful one in the sense of their everlasting devotion to each other?), we might realize that he believes there will be love after getting married by arragement. Here we can see the conflict, and even satire of the situation. Leo loves no one yet he wants to have a wife. He wants a wife yet he finds her through other?s suggestion which depends on the lady?s social status, quality and father?s promises. Moreover, his requires are so much and so high that there may be no ability to fulfill them. He finds fault... ... some one nor not to love that person. Leo after discovering Stella is not a good girl has tried not to love her. ? with days of torment he endlessly struggled not to love her simply he is unsucce ssful, or in fact, he scares of success, ?fearing success, he escaped it.? sad him Why cannot he succeed? Because it is the magic of love. Because we do not have the competence in controlling love. Because he must love no one except Stella. Love is not something that we can choose that something that destiny has planned for us.Any one of us can be a Leo now and then. We innocently believe that we have the choice and that we are taking the control over choosing our lovers. The illusion hurts us sometimes. til now as Bernard Malamud shows us, love is not a matter of choice but of chance. There will be some one for us someplace outside. Sooner or later our chance will come.