War in Iraq :: war, Iraq, USA,

1. There was very little evidence and the fall in States acted prematurely. The evidence itself is confusing and somewhat misleading. As we look on the invasion many Americans were very enthusiastic about going to war with Iraq. However, were not trying to think about why we were not in that respect or trying to justify other than speculate the following reasons. Did Iraq have weapons of mass destruction or was the United States to find about their military effect? Possibly, the United States was trying to eliminate Saddam and his regime to promote democracy and peace. I think because of the 9/11 tragedy and maybe control of the oil resources gave the United States a reason to act like they did.2.The approval rate of other countries is justified because no one likes a bully And frankly the United States has been fitting this description all too well by showing countries that if you mess the United States your messing with the bull. President Bush proved this by making a 48 hour notice and invading Iraq exactly on the 48 hour mark. This shows other countries that the United States means business. If I could I would love to inhabit in another country such as Australia. I believe that my view of American politics would drastically change Maybe for the better because I would not be under the hammer so to speak. Indirectly, if American politics did not include the country I was living in. I would not dispense the time to care.3.I have two mental pictures of this one Britain being an ally it should be there good pleasure to help in any bearing to fight the war in Iraq. Because the United States I feel would have done the same for Britain. That is just good relations between allied countries. If Britain did not help the United States they probably would not consider Britain to be a good ally to keep relations going like they have. My second opinion is that Britain should have not got involved with the United States against Iraq. For the simple fact, a big maj ority of Muslims lives there. Thereby making a terrorist attack more eminent. Britain should have negotiated a term to help the United States only in a real emergency.

How does the language and stage directions of this section reveal the :: English Literature

How does the language and point directions of this section reveal the tensions between the two characters.How does the language and stage directions of this section reveal thetensions between the two characters. How further does the section preparethe audience for what is about to happen?From the opening stage directions you get a very clear indication ofwhat Miller is trying to draw about Eddie. His flat is described asclean, sparse and homely. The use of a phone box in the set isrelevant as the audience fag end expect it to be used in an important wayin the future. After Alfieris opening speech there are hints that allis not right and this leads the audience to think about the future. Adistant fogsignal blows. This gives a sense of impending disaster asthe foghorn conveys confusion, a foghorn is used when you cannot seewhere you are going which is a lot like Eddie in the ulterior stages ofthe play. As Alfieri is rounding off the opening speech he statessat there powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course. Theaudience knows the future will contain blood and tragedy.Towards Catherine, Eddie is fatherly and protective. When Catherinefirst says hello to Eddie the stage direction says that he id pleasedand therefore shy about it. Catherine wants to hear Eddies approvalof new skirt as his opinion means a lot to her. He calls her beautifuland states if your stimulate was alive to see you now, she wouldntbelieve it. This is a relevant statement as he again later refers toher dead mother. Eddie is worried about the way Catherine walks andthis leads to him saying you aint all the girls, he believes she ishis girl. He brings her to tears in this argument and he then statesI promised your mother on her deathbed, and youre a baby. Heconstantly mentions his duty to her dead mother so she will do as hesays. At this former(a) stage of the play the audience is probably notaware of the fact Eddie has major feelings for Catherine, yet they areable to pick up on trustworthy things in the language and stagedirections. The stage directions give a clue to the actor how topresent the lines.Beatrice and Eddies relationship is not one of a merrily marriedcouple. After she hears the news that her cousins have landed shestates Im worried about you, leading the audience to think why thiscould be and may be overdue to problems.

Colonialism Essay -- essays research papers

European overseas expansion evolved from sixteenth-century colonialism driven by mercantilism to nineteenth-century nationalistic imperialism. Both had different forces compelling them thus different countriesalthough most the sameparticipated in each phenomenon with unique, but largely similar goals. These two forces that overtook the world are comparable as they both have the same objectives however, mercantilism compelled colonialism while nationalism drove imperialism.ColonialismBeginning in the sixteenth century and lasting until the early seventeenth century, several(prenominal) European countries colonialized by formally exerting the control of their political entity over another political entity in a different geographical location. Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Holland were the primary exerters of control, while the Americas and its inhabit islands, along with small colonies in Africa and Asia, were the exerted upon. The main force compelling these expansions was the doctrine of mercantilism.Three different systems of colonialism played themselves out in different locations. Plantations were assembled when the climate was brotherly and the workforce was available factories were set up when extractable resources were to be obtained without a foreign conquest and settlement colonies appeared where the Europeans favored the environment and felt unintimidated by natives.Basically, these strong countries dominated weaker ones to promote their own national s...

Essay --

MRSA among athletesStaphylococcus discovery started when it is first investigated and been observed also culture by Pasteur and Koch but were made by Ogston in 1881 and Rosenbach in 1884 (Ogston, 1882 Rosenbach, 1884). Staphylococcus aureus is well known as staph are bacteria that carried on the skin or nose of healthy people. About 25 to 50 per cent of people carried this staph according to research that being made. Most skin that infected by staph causes minor affect likes pimple but it can be cure without using an antibiotics. Sometimes, staph can cause serious problem for example pneumonia, blood or joint infections and complex skin infections. Usually athletes tend to get the infection anywhere equipment rubs and cause broken skin such as on the hands, knees or elbows for football, basketball or volleyball players or on the buttocks or sides of the legs for rowers. According to (Rosenbach), S. aureus were responsible for wound infections and furunculosis (Rosenbach, 1884). Afte r that, surgeon being afraid of this microbe could infect the affected role who doing surgeries. They believed that Staphylococcus can cause life threatening disease after trauma and fatal pneumonia during influenza season. Therefore, in pre-antibiotic era, S.aureus was known as major knockout pathogen. MRNA started to become world-wide problem in 1950 (Shanson, 1982 Cokkson and Philips, 1990). MRNA stands for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and this microbe are related to MRNA is staphylococcus aureus. S.aureus is a bacterium commonly found on skin, axillae and nares of healthy individuals. MRSA is the outbreak of skin infections caused by S.aureus which is resistance to antibiotics. During 1950, a new virulent strain of peni... ...self-inoculation from a carrier site or acquired by contact with an exogenous source, usually another person. People who are nasal carriers of virulent Staphylococcusaureus can also cause serious skin diseases payable to toxin production . In addition, skin and soft tissue infections are also caused by MRSA. Therefore, the treatment involves drainage and this is usually sufficient for minor lesions, but antibiotics may be given in addition when the infection is severe and the patient has a fever. MRSA can be treated with enzyme-stable penicilins such as nafcilin. Isolates resistant to these compounds may be treated with vancomycin, linezolid, quinopristin-dalfoprisin, or daptomycin. (Goering et al. (2008).Treatment with this agent does not necessarily eradicate carriage of the staphylococci. Lastly, good skin care and personal hygiene should be encouraged.

Relation of Crime and Family Essays -- Sociology Essays Papers Crimina

Crime is sometimes blamed on the family, with poor parenting, lack of discipline and family breakdown often associated with juvenility crime. A recurrent theme in academic research has been to investigate the relationship between criminality and a range of family related factors. Early studies explored child-rearing behaviour, maternal(p) discipline, the criminal histories of parents and family size and income. Popular theories in the 1950s and 1960s related juvenile delinquency to material deprivation, broken homes and to the growing number of latch discover children who were left unsupervised after school while their mothers went to work. All of these presaged current concerns with discipline and the role of single-parent families. What has emerged from this research is that some family factors are related to the likelihood of delinquency but that they must be considered in the context of the socio-economic circumstances of the family and the othe rs factors such as school and the peer group. The following factors have emerged as particularly important. parental discipline and supervision Parental discipline has always been seen as a major factor underlying youth crime and it was found that inconsistent and droll discipline are more likely to be associated with delinquency than lax or strict discipline (West and Farrington 1973, 1977). More recent studies have focused on the quality of parental supervision, often measured by whether parents know where their children are when they are non at home. A Home Office study in 1995, for example, found that supervision was strongly related to offending with higher numbers of those who were no... ...ng number of people who are able to work but choose not to, live in a different world from others. They do not obtain good habits and discipline and their values contaminate the life of entire neighbourhoods (Murray 1996p123). men in such communities cannot support families, leading to high rates of illegitimacy, and seek alternative, destructive means of proving that they are men. Whole communities are devastated by crime and boylike men look up to criminal role models. Whether or not the underclass exists, most agree that industrial restructuring has led to the growth of communities within which the volume of inhabitants are excluded from work and its associated benefits, and that these are also characterised by high amounts of property crime, youth crime and illegal drug use (Davies, Croall & Tyrer 1999).

Relation of Crime and Family Essays -- Sociology Essays Papers Crimina

Crime is sometimes blamed on the family, with poor parenting, lack of discipline and family breakdown very much associated with youth criminal offence. A recurrent theme in academic research has been to investigate the relationship between delinquency and a range of family related factors. early studies explored child-rearing behaviour, parental discipline, the criminal histories of parents and family size and income. Popular theories in the 1950s and 1960s related juvenile delinquency to material deprivation, broken homes and to the growing number of bolt key children who were left unsupervised after school while their mothers went to work. All of these presaged current concerns with discipline and the role of single-parent families. What has emerged from this research is that some family factors are related to the likelihood of delinquency but that they must be considered in the context of the socio-economic circumstances of the family and the oth ers factors such as school and the peer group. The following factors have emerged as curiously important. Parental discipline and supervision Parental discipline has always been seen as a major factor underlying youth crime and it was found that dissonant and erratic discipline are more likely to be associated with delinquency than lax or strict discipline (West and Farrington 1973, 1977). More recent studies have focus on the quality of parental supervision, often measured by whether parents know where their children are when they are not at home. A Home Office try out in 1995, for example, found that supervision was strongly related to offending with higher numbers of those who were no... ...ng number of people who are able to work but train not to, live in a different world from others. They do not obtain good habits and discipline and their values contaminate the life of inherent neighbourhoods (Murray 1996p123). Men in such communities cannot support families, leading to high rates of illegitimacy, and seek alternative, destructive means of proving that they are men. Whole communities are devastated by crime and young men look up to criminal role models. Whether or not the underclass exists, most agree that industrial restructuring has led to the growth of communities at bottom which the majority of inhabitants are excluded from work and its associated benefits, and that these are also characterised by high amounts of property crime, youth crime and illegal drug use (Davies, Croall & Tyrer 1999).

Water Resource Should Be Nationalized

piddle RESOURCES SHOULD BE NATIONALIZED INTRODUCTION Water resources are sources of urine that are useful. The world is fast running out of usable pee supply. Anthropogenic activities are depleting and polluting this finite well spring of life at a b alone over rate. The present ineffective circumspection of water ignores the potential of conservation and embraces the chimeric alternative of increasing supply. Degraded watersheds, drying local pond systems, shrinking canal networks, and wetland degradation as a result of anthropogenic activity and climate change relegate water to the status of scarce commodity. The ever-increasing stress pee-peed by population exploitation and concomitant increased agriculture and industrial demands for water has created an apparent scenario of water shortage that requires augmentation. The assessed needs could be met with more efficient utilization of intra-basin resources, except in case of Cau precise and Vaigai basins where limited water transfers could take place by transferring water from Godavari River. Despite this report, plans were floated to combat water deficits by conveying surpluses to water deficient locations.Various brassal parties and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) members in Tamil Nadu felt that linking river water resources could enhance the realization of water needs. These political pressures pushed the proposal forward, leading to Supreme Court direction to the government of India demanding that the government take steps to interlink certain major rivers of the country by the year 2012, spelling the beginning of the Interlinking of Rivers Project. WHAT IS NATIONALIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES?The rivers flowing from the northern to south are not hundred per cent utilised by the individual states efficiently. Because some state may need water and some may not need dep end point upon the geographical location, requirement, agriculture etc. So the unused water from these rivers are directed to the sea . So what the government has plotted is to nationalize the rivers by constructing a water channel from north to south , like how the national highways are there in our country , we bequeath let the water highway routes in the form of the channels. INTERLINKING OF RIVERSAll ancient civilizations over world were born, bred, flourished and advanced by the river banks. Rivers are, therefore, an integral part not provided of human existence but the very existence of life on our planet The Earth. Indian culture owes its supremacy to the rivers which are the life and phone line of the nation. That is why they are worshiped as goddesses all over the country. Role of rivers in human life and now in national development, progress and prosperity, development of agriculture, science, engineering science or industry is beyond description.In olden days when there was no p solicitlem of overpopulation water resources provided by these rivers were sufficient for the population living by the ba nks. however with the ever increasing burden of population and multiplicity of demand for water for various purposes ranging from agricultural needs to industrial needs and for generation of powerfulness wise to(p) utilization of this natural resource has become an absolute necessity. India is a country with vast population with extremes of climate, different topography, varied types of soils, annual rainfall ranging from 5 cm to more than 1000 cm. ome parts facing the havoc of floods and other parts thirsty for rain drops. Hence a scheme for effective and efficient management of water resources was prepared which envisages interwoven of 37 national rivers through 30 links across 9600 km with 32 connecting dams. The apex court of India has issued a directing to the government of India to interlink these rivers within a period of 10 years. The government on its part has set up a task force infra former power minister, Suresh Prabhu to build national consensus, work out detailed plans and to see that the entire work is completed by the year 2016.In view of the manager general of National Water Development Agency (NWDA) the interlinking of rivers should be based upon- INTER-BASIN TRANSFER Inter-basin transfer is an outstanding example of effective and efficient management of water resources on the basis of need of the people Interbasin transfer or transbasin diversion are (often hyphenated) terms used to describe man-made conveyance schemes which hold out water from one river basin where it is available, to another basin where water is less available or could be utilized better for human development.The purpose of such designed schemes can be to alleviate water shortages in the receiving basin, to generate electricity, or both. The national water development agency (NWDA) has estimated that the project would cost Rs. 5, 60,000 cores at 2002 prices. The project Inter basin transfer aims to deliver 173 billion cubic meter of water through a 12,500 km maze of canals which would irrigate 34 million hectares of land and would supply drinking water to 101 districts and five metro cities. THE NWDA HAS DIVIDED THE INTERLINKING OF RIVER PROJECT INTO TWO PRIMARY brokerS 1.THE HIMALAYAN COMPONENT PROPOSING A CONSTRUCTION OF 14 CANALS The project intends to link the bramaputra and its tributaries with the ganga and the ganga with the Mahanadi river to transfer surplus water from east to west. The scheme envisages flood control in the ganga and brahmaputra basins and a reduction in water deficits for m any states which is estimated to cost Rs. 3, 75, 000 core. 2. THE PENINSULAR COMPONENT WITH A PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF16 CANALS. River interlinks are envisaged to benefit the states of Orissa, Karnataka,Tamil nadu,Gujarat,Pondicherry,and maharastra. he linkage of the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers is proposed to feed the Krishna,pennar,cauvery,and vaigai rivers. Transfer of water from Godavari and Krishna entails pumping 1200 cusecs of water ove r a crest of some 116 meters. Interlinking the ken with the Betwa, Parbati, Kalisindh, and Chambal rivers is proposed to benefit Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The river links to cost Rs. 1, 85, 000 cores. It is planned to transfer 141 km3/yr through peninsular India and 33 km3/yr Himalayan links essentially for redistribution in the Ganga basin and to westsideern India.Only small volume of water can be transferred from the Brahmaputra basin. Thus in totality 1660 km3/yr of development water resource can be created which can take care of any exigencies. THE BENEFICIARIES OF RIVER LINKING The politically important consideration for swig up the river linking plan was the emergence of major national and transnational industries and rapid urbanization in many of the low water availability natural regions of the west and south. It was purported in any case to help the commercial farming lobby for sugarcane.A case of mortgaging the nations future for a miniscule affluent population. T he plan is aimed at ending the flood problems of the Gangs and Brahmaputra and at the same time solving the drought problem in southern India by diverting surplus water of the snow-federal official rivers to the rain fed Peninsular river. Help prevent floods in north and east, drought in south and west of the country. India depends heavily on monsoon. Interlinking entrust help irrigation, which in turn leave alone help increase the crop yields by making farmers less dependent on monsoon and ensuring a year long water supply.These worlds fuck off an extra 35 million hectares below irrigation whereby per capita food grain consumption would be doubled in spite of the increase in population. This interlinking of rivers will provide food security to the country. Additional 34,000 k. w. electricity will be generated against the present 24,000 k. w. I. e. it will be more than doubled. This would give an impetus to the industrial field as well. It will not just be a linking of rivers b ut a linking of lives. It will promote national integration. River transports is not only cheaper but likewise a non-polluting transport alternative.This has been a success in Europe. Experts suggest that even canals can be used for moving cargo mingled with the states. Interlinking of rivers will generate employment opportunities all over the country especially in agriculture sector, power, transport and construction works. This project alone can enhance the GPD by 4%. Above all migration from campestral areas will reduce which would reduce congestion in urban areas. Decentralization of industries would be a natural phenomenon with the availability of water and power. HURDLES IN INTERLINKING OF RIVERSUndoubtedly, interlinking of rivers would provide innumerable facilities and comforts but certain hurdles are bound to arise in the implementation of the project. In the first instance many canals will pass through national parks and sanctuaries and many people may be displaced by t he building of dams and canals. The construction of reservoirs and dams may swallow up the natural habitats of wild life and the ecology of the country may be subjected to unknown consequences. Large areas under forests may be submerged under water.According to some scientists monsoon rains come all over the country at one and the same time, hence interlinking rivers may cause floods. Then rivers like Ganga and Brahmaputra are international rivers, hence consent of adjacent countries like Nepal and Bangladesh would be a necessity for the completion of the project. estate is already facing a dispute over sharing of Kaveri river water. Further conflicts may arise between the states on the issue of sharing of water between them. Dams tend to sometimes aggravate he condition of floods They cause water logging and soils become saline and unsuitable for crops if floodwater from the east is transferred to other areas the biodiversity of these regions will be affected the plants growing in these regions will die, many animal and bird species that live there will become extinct. the severe drought during summer in many parts of the country is due to mismanagement of water and not because a lack of it. Steps should be taken to conserve water at the local level instead. Finally financing of the project will not be so easy.FUDAMENTAL OBJECTIONS TO RIVER LINKING 1. Linking of rivers violates the natural laws governing the life support system, and natural dynamics and discounts the bounties provided by river systems. 2. The loss of flood plains and spill basins by human interference has caused devastating floods. River linking shall enhance this web site. 3. Man-made dams, reservoirs, and artificial lakes that are to be project ingredients would rob the rivers of their energy potential. 4. In fact, stupendous energy would be needed for the rivers to jump over the natural water divides and topo-barriers. . Rainfall and water availability is regulated by the monsoons, resul ting in a highly bimodal annual river flow and moisture regime with consequential seasonal lows (droughts) and highs (floods). River linking shall certainly aggravate both droughts and floods by superimposition of the situation in each of the linked rivers. 6. Such linkages could possibly be thought of in more temperate latitudes with a more homogeneous annual moisture/flow regime. However, the Soviet experience of river diversion has even then been catastrophic, resulting on the devastation of the Aral Sea. . A river is not a mere flow channel, but a holistic system encompassing the whole basin water divide, catchment, valley and outflow point. Any alteration shall affect the whole system and even wee-wee microclimatic changes. 8. Inestimable loss of natural biodiversity, wild cultivars and plant gene banks shall inevitably follow river linking to disrupting the regional food chain operation. 9. Monsoonal rainfall on the degraded catchments shall cause excessive siltation-relate d problems in the linking systems. 10.Careful scrutiny of the state of environmental health of various rivers should have been first made before clean rivers are linked very filthy rivers. 11. River linking shall inevitably lead to an alteration of the seasonal water availability pattern and the possibility of upsetting the evapo-transpiration balance. 12. An inevitable change in the cropping pattern from as well irrigated lands after river-linking shall cause a major increase in methane and other gases that contribute to global warming. 13. Land degradation shall also be inescapably aggravated. 4. The commodious estimated cost will surely jeopardise the national economy for decades and force diversion of funds from the more essential needs of the vast majority of rural poor. 15. The inter-state and international ramifications of shared riparian systems would certainly open the floodgates for a civil war situation and serious discord with Indias neighbours. Not only is any such pro posal for inter-basin transfers totally repugnant to all natural and economic logic, but shall alter the subcontinents geographical configuration.In the ultimate analysis, the proposal shall signal the finale knell of our river systems that provide the principal source of sustenance and encompass social, cultural and religious traditions. INTERLINKING MAJOR RIVERS WILL REDUCE FARMER SUCIDES The Indian musculus quadriceps femoris Research Organisation (ISRO) hasdrawn out a blue print for implementing the project with the help of images collected from the Remote Sensing and Cartosat satellites launched by it in 2007 and 2008.Though the UPA government which came to power in 2004 had included the inter linking of peninsular Indian rivers as one of the top priorities in its Common Minimum Programme nothing was heard about it afterwards. India and Pakistan are locked in water war over the construction of power projects on Jhelum on their respective territories. Snow-fed rivers like Gang a, Indus and Brahmaputra, which originate in the Himalayas, and their tributaries are perennial. They stretch forth to flow throughout the year. During monsoons, they tend to overflow and inundate extensive flood prone areas and cause loss of ife, livestock, crops and property. Rain-fed rivers like Luni in Rajasthan remain dry for around part of the year because the rainfall is scanty in that area resulting in drought like conditions. The volume of water in the west flowing rivers of primal Highlands, Narmada and Tapti is directly proportional to the amount of rainfall get windd during the monsoon season. Hence, there is a always an element of uncertainty in availability of water. To the North of the Vindhyas, the Malwa plateau and the Chhotanagpur Plateau of Jharkhand are comparatively better placed as they are conk outed by steady Ganga and Yamuna.But due to the absence of adequate river valley projects a large quantity of water wastefully flows into the Bay of Bengal throug h Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. In the peninsular region too, the rainfall is uneven, While the westernern Ghats receive high rainfall, the Eastern Ghats receive very less. States like Tamil Nadu lie in the r tin shadow area and get shrimpy rainfall from advancing South West monsoons. The East flowing rivers of the Deccan Plateau-Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery drain this area. SEASONAL RIVERS OF THE SOUTHTo overcome the problems of flood and drought a whopping Rs. 5,60,000 crore river linkage project has been envisaged. The perennial and often inundating rivers of the north will be connected with the dwindling and rather seasonal rivers of -the south through a network of canals so that the former are stopped from bounteous and the latter are regularly replenished, curbing floods and famines at the same time. The project will also ensure regular, adequate and timely supply of water to all parts of the country for agriculture, industry and consumption. Of the three big Himalaya n rivers, Indus has been left out because there is a natural connectivity in the shape of its tributaries like Sutlej, Beas and Jhelum which drain and well cater to the needs of the Indian part of the Indus basin. Water from Brahmaputra shall flow into Ganga. Two main headwaters in the ,Himalayas the Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda join at Devprayag and flow as Ganga thereafter. It enters Federal plain at Haridwar. Yamuna joins it at Allahabad. Yamuna, in turn, is joined by its tributaries like Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken. Sone joins Ganga directly andDamodar joins its distributor Hooghli. As the Ganga river system drains the States of Haryana, Southern Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and major parts of West Bengal many times its water falls short of the required quantity. Linking Ganga with Brahmaputra shall solve this problem. Brahma- putra carries a tremendous volume of water. When it enters India at Namcha Barwa the undercutting done by this powerful river is of the methodicalness of 5500 meters. With the eastern States receiving heavy rainfall during monsoon, season the danger of floods looms large in many areas of Assam and Bihar almost every year.The linkage will smashed diversion of . excess water from Brahmaputra into Ganges ,and this problem of floods shall be taken care of automatically. Ganga will be connected to Mahanadi and Godavari. This, will boost agriculture in the States of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Godavari will be further linked to Krishna, Pennar and Cauvery replenishing their depleting, waters. It will help Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and many parts of the Eastern ghats and the rain shadow areas of the South which get little rainfall from the advancing monsoons.This will bring smile on the faces of the farmers of the South many of which committed or contemplated suicide due to crop failures. This may also solve the dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over sharing of Cauvery waters. Narmada will flow into Tapi helping mainly the farmers around Satpura range. Yamuna will flow into Sabarmati which, in turn, will be linked to Luni. It will benefit many areas of Gujarat and the desert state of Rajasthan. Thar desert of today may become the prosperous Sahara in future, who knows?

Religions Matrix

He set off to find Supreme Enlightenment. Shamanic Buddha who taught the Four Nobles and the Eightfold Path for liberation from suffering. I Confucius who taught Confucianism. Family clear was Kong, he was honored as Kong fuzz. I The origin of Taoism is thought to be the way of the Yellow Emperor. The texts used argon thought to have been written by Laszlo. Gazing who left government position to pursue freedom and solitude. I Central beliefs I The central belief of Hinduism Is karma, which Is If you do good, good things will come to oh, If you do bad things, bad things will happen.The ultimate goal is to achieve mimosa or liberation from the cycle of reincarnation through realization of the immortal Absolute. I Seek eternal rather than temporal pleasure. Tetrahedral is self- discipline and self-control but has not ties to deities. To seek Supreme Enlightenment through the Eightfold Path and be strive for liberation from suffering. Be non-violent, non-confronting, trained mind, and p eace will follow through meditation. I Focuses on ways of developing a Just and cleanly society.Confucius believed Jean could save society through innate goodness, love, benevolence, perfect virtue, humaneness, and human-heartiness. I The macrocosm is natur everyy in harmony public address system is our natural state. The idea of Dad which is unnamable. It is a mystical reality that cannot be grasped by the mind. Experience the unity of all things, cease to feel personal preferences, and take no Intentional or evasive action towards the flow of things. I Nature of God I Hindus have many deletes, the three major groupings are Stats, Salves, and Vaccinates. I The belief is that the world has always been.There is no supreme deity. Enlightenment comes within oneself. I Do not acknowledge any deity. I They believe in Shanghai, the Lord on High, ruler of the universe, the supreme ancestor of the Chinese. He is not acted though as a Creator or God. I Texts I Veda, the oldest Vided scrip tures is Rig Veda. Tantrums which teach how to religion the feminine divine. I Butterball which was composed In the first century. Mahayana texts, the Lotus Sutra described Babyhood and how to achieve It. I Confucian Classics which was later replaced with Mao Sedona.The Confucian Classics were known as the Five Classics and Four Books during the Song Dynasty. I Diode Jinn I Ritual and practice(sacred elements & their meaning) I There are 16 rites prescribed in the scriptures to purify and sanctify in their life cycle Pupas- which Is public worship to allow the sacred presence to be made tangible through devotions employing all tenet senses, ritual Tire ceremonies winner offerings are mace to the deities in exchange they will be rewarded, and death ceremonies also by fire which is knowing to cleanse the body after death and release the soul to the spiritual realm.Fasting and prayer is observed during lunar and solar cycles or times during dangers. I meliorate rituals which invoked the power of Buddha and dharma to ward off abuse spirits and cure afflicted people. Yoga is practiced clear and train mind. Titanic practices by teachers to help those achieve to higher(prenominal) learning of Buddhism, the highest of them are lamas. Deity yoga to meditate to embody the various qualities that the practitioner wishes to manifest. I They include the Four Life Passages birth, death, reaching maturity, and death.I Fen Shut-involves the study and pure placement of graves, temples, and even furniture. They communicate with spirits through sacrifice and ceremonies. Priests speak to the spirits with kind words to please them so they will do no harm. By singing and dancing they are begging the spirits to descend. I ethical motive and morality I Karma is the ethnically strong teaching that there are consequences for all you do whether good or evil. Moral and ethically principles are truth, non-violence, non-stealing, intestine, non-covetousness, cleanliness, contentment, b urning zeal, self-study, and devotion to God.I They refrain from violent, harmful speech, and doing things harmful to their bodies or doing harm to their environment. Ethics include being unselfish and seeking enlightenment with meditation. It is believe anyone can seek enlightenment. I One is concerned with self-improvement rather than public recognition, cognisant of parents, speaks cautiously but acts quickly, and regards human nature as basically good. I Does not set a standard of morality and goes without labeling things good or evil. I

My Thoughts on Race

As a young child, I was al styles sentimention that look sharp meant what modify a person was on the outside. From my family I was taught that there were unobjectionable hoi polloi, black multitude, and Oriental people. Those were the trio charges of the world. I was raised to believe that dust coat people were the majority and even though I dont esteem being told that being unobjectionable was the best guide to be, I grew up with this feeling because it was inferred enough. I thought Oriental people were r be, blacks lived in cities, and I was gold to be a white person.In indoctrinate we were grouped into categories such(prenominal)(prenominal) as white, black, or other when we had to fill out forms. Those were the three choices given out when driveed to check off our speed up. Later, these forms were amended to include choices such as Latino, Asian, and Native the Statesn. Nowadays administration/school forms rent increased the choices and currently include selec tions such as Pacific islander and Hispanic/non-Latino. As these choices increased, I began to see that there were other races beyond the genuine three of years back, exclusively I honk away felt I was white and that was a pretty good thing.I hit the hay in my proterozoic school years we were taught that Martin Luther King Jr. was a hero to this artless in a publicner of speaking, but we learned junior-grade most people of color in general beyond the fact that they were brought to America as slaves hundreds of years ago. For a white child to grow up with very little contact with anybody of color, in a family and community that did non promote racial equality or exposure, I just gave very little thought to race and just accepted my families views as my own.Somewhere along the path of my training I was taught that there atomic number 18 near diseases that ar more likely to glide by in people of color, or people with Asian ancestors, or from some European countries. One such example, which I immediately understand better, is the sickle-cell gene. I any learned it wrong in school or was taught it wrong at the time, but I thought that this was a genetic mutation that only people of color had.The class readings have dispelled this idea completely as now I know it is familiar in tropical Africa, where malaria is childlikespread. Up to 40 part of Africans in such areas carry the sickle- cell gene. Its also common in the malaria-ridden Arabian Peninsula and southern India, and rare or absent in the southernmost separate of South Africa.(Diamond, 1994) Though I long ago kind of gave up that military personnel could actually be divided neatly into racial groups, this is a admonisher of how things we learn long ago stay with us unconsciously. As acquaintance progresses information becomes more accurate, and we become old enough to form individual opinions, it is authorized to be open to this in the raw information and willing to alter what we were taught as children.I happen to be considered white because I am Italian, but what does this real mean? It has certainly kept me from experiencing much racism, especially compared to my friend Deirdre, a woman of color who is married to a German immigrant and having what our culture terms racial children. That is not to say I have never go through racism, I think that every person has on some level, I am simply aware that my experiences wane in comparison to what they have probably experienced and will continue to experience. So, I check off white on forms, which beg for my race, or I leave it blank all together. But a Swede is also considered white too. Am I whiter because Swedes are genetically close to some Africans than they may be to me? The more I think about(predicate) it, the less sense race makes at all.Race has been debated for hundreds of years and probably longer. And, as far as I know, there has never been one consensus on how numerous races there are across the planet in which the world wide scientific community has agreed on, despite what was taught years ago. There are legion(predicate) different questions regarding how one would categorise races or differences between races, and over the years many different systems of classifications have been used. However, the most used method seems to be by categorizing people based on visible physical characteristics that include scratch up color, eye color, and shape of the eye.In todays world, it just makes common sense not to rely on this type of separation of peoples. With so many technological advances in ripe times, which allow for very intricate ingrained and external evaluations, less obvious methods of categorizing people have been begun to be used. In utilizing these new advances it looks like the idea of race has actually collapsed and the theory that humans blend in different racial groups is now practically obsolete.It has been made obvious that a persons genetic make-up is in part a reflection of where they live as well as their heredity. Each geographic place has very particular weather conditions, specific agriculture, and specific dietary habits of the population, specific diseases to fend off, and other possible factor outs that may have changed human genetics during the evolution of humans.So wherefore do we still have government forms which ask people to claim they belong to a race, and why do some still even consider race a viable scientific category, and why is it still being discussed as a separator of humans? Really, how can stereotypes of race still prevail when, depending on which criteria is used, a Swede may be linked genetically closer to a Fulani than a Fulani with another person of color from the African continent? (Diamond, 1994) People impose order on their amicable universe by classifying it.These classifications sometimes match genetic relationships and sometimes diverge from them significantly. How we classify is not based on nature, not determined by nature, but is a construction of our social minds that we impose on nature to help us organize things.(Marks, 2001) Dividing people into race categories has become a comfort factor rather than a matter of science.I think the long term consequences of many whites is that they will be held responsible for the creation of races as a fancy and for the ways in which early scientists classified people by race. I also think that the tensions felt between peoples of different colors may be a long-term consequence of whites proclaiming superiority over all others either by direct actions or by inferences. Some Native-Americans blame the government for the situations of their modern tribes.As such, they fought and won the right to receive special treatment by the government by being taxed less and by having certain gaming privileges, and possibly by other means I do not know of, because of the way the whites that first came to America treated them. Some people o f color are actively seeking reparations from the United States government because some of their ancestors may have been slaves of Americas early white residents.Because the government allows the Native-Americans special privileges, they are concession that the early whites in America did something wrong, which I happen to agree they did. But, by inveterate to behave as if whites and Native-Americans are separate races, even if only on forms and in certain minds, the race myth will not go away. If the American government concedes to reparations to blacks for something ignorant whites did centuries ago, we will be further drawing a line between populations of humans that do not need to experience.So, the early white scientists classified race before the information known about humans today existed. They created a world that believed their scientific theories because most people did not know any better. And after hundreds of years of believing what we were told as fact and not ficti on, it may very well take another hundred or more years to dispel the myth of race.The sense of comfort that propels us to test people into groups is also a case of fear overriding priming. The Ku Klux Klan could not exist with the fear of other races, even if many racists would deny this. Just as there are many so-called white people who discriminate against blacks, Chinese, or other people, there are many non-white groups of people that discriminate against whites or other people different than themselves. A Chinese father may swan his daughter marry a Chinese man for the simple reason that he has accepted that they are of the same race, and a white man would not be, because that is how he has been taught throughout his life.Even if there were such thing as races of people, how would one define their race in a world where everybody intermingles? If a man marries a Chinese woman, what would their childrens race be? The government/school forms always ask that a person select only one race on certain forms.If their children put white down, they are denying their Chinese heritage. If they put Chinese, Oriental or whatever it is that a person of Chinese heritage would stop under, they would be denying another side of the family. Why should any humans be asked to deny one part of themselves and embrace only one segment of who they are?The bottom line of the future is that governments and major scientific organizations often confine the tone for how populations treat and understand the concept of race. Until governments and major corporations stop circulating the concept of race and until the concept of cultures are embraced rather than race, the separation of peoples by race will never be dispelled.Sources1) Diamond, Jared. Race Without Color. Discover 15.11 November 1994.2) Marks, J. (2001) Scientific and folk ideas about heredity. In The Human Genome Project and Minority Communities Ethical, Social, and Political Dilemmas, ed. by R. Zilinskas and P. Balint. Westport, CT Greenwood, pp. 53-66.My Thoughts on RaceAs a young child, I was always thought that race meant what color a person was on the outside. From my family I was taught that there were white people, black people, and Oriental people. Those were the three races of the world. I was raised to believe that white people were the majority and even though I dont remember being told that being white was the best race to be, I grew up with this feeling because it was inferred enough. I thought Oriental people were rare, blacks lived in cities, and I was lucky to be a white person.In school we were grouped into categories such as white, black, or other when we had to fill out forms. Those were the three choices given out when asked to check off our race. Later, these forms were amended to include choices such as Latino, Asian, and Native American. Nowadays government/school forms have increased the choices and currently include selections such as Pacific Islander and Hispanic/non-Lati no. As these choices increased, I began to see that there were other races beyond the original three of years back, but I still felt I was white and that was a pretty good thing.I know in my early school years we were taught that Martin Luther King Jr. was a hero to this country in a manner of speaking, but we learned little about people of color in general beyond the fact that they were brought to America as slaves hundreds of years ago. For a white child to grow up with very little contact with anybody of color, in a family and community that did not promote racial equality or exposure, I simply gave very little thought to race and just accepted my families views as my own.Somewhere along the path of my education I was taught that there are some diseases that are more likely to occur in people of color, or people with Asian ancestors, or from some European countries. One such example, which I now understand better, is the sickle-cell gene. I either learned it wrong in school or wa s taught it wrong at the time, but I thought that this was a genetic mutation that only people of color had. The class readings have dispelled this idea completely as now I know it is common in tropical Africa, where malaria is widespread. Up to 40 percent of Africans in such areas carry the sickle- cell gene.Its also common in the malaria-ridden Arabian Peninsula and southern India, and rare or absent in the southernmost parts of South Africa.(Diamond, 1994) Though I long ago kind of gave up that humans could actually be divided neatly into racial groups, this is a reminder of how things we learn long ago stay with us unconsciously. As science progresses information becomes more accurate, and we become old enough to form individual opinions, it is important to be open to this new information and willing to alter what we were taught as children.I happen to be considered white because I am Italian, but what does this really mean? It has certainly kept me from experiencing much racism , especially compared to my friend Deirdre, a woman of color who is married to a German immigrant and having what our culture terms biracial children. That is not to say I have never experienced racism, I think that every person has on some level, I am simply aware that my experiences wane in comparison to what they have probably experienced and will continue to experience.So, I check off white on forms, which ask for my race, or I leave it blank all together. But a Swede is also considered white too. Am I whiter because Swedes are genetically closer to some Africans than they may be to me? The more I think about it, the less sense race makes at all.Race has been debated for hundreds of years and probably longer. And, as far as I know, there has never been one consensus on how many races there are across the planet in which the world wide scientific community has agreed on, despite what was taught years ago. There are many different questions regarding how one would classify races o r differences between races, and over the years many different systems of classifications have been used. However, the most used method seems to be by categorizing people based on visible physical characteristics that include skin color, eye color, and shape of the eye.In todays world, it just makes common sense not to rely on this type of separation of peoples. With so many technological advances in modern times, which allow for very intricate internal and external evaluations, less obvious methods of categorizing people have been begun to be used. In utilizing these new advances it looks like the idea of race has actually collapsed and the theory that humans belong in different racial groups is now practically obsolete. It has been made obvious that a persons genetic make-up is in part a reflection of where they live as well as their heredity.Each geographic location has very specific weather conditions, specific agriculture, and specific dietary habits of the population, specific diseases to fend off, and other possible factors that may have changed human genetics during the evolution of humans.So why do we still have government forms which ask people to claim they belong to a race, and why do some still even consider race a viable scientific category, and why is it still being discussed as a separator of humans? Really, how can stereotypes of race still prevail when, depending on which criteria is used, a Swede may be linked genetically closer to a Fulani than a Fulani with another person of color from the African continent? (Diamond, 1994) People impose order on their social universe by classifying it.These classifications sometimes match genetic relationships and sometimes diverge from them significantly. How we classify is not based on nature, not determined by nature, but is a construction of our social minds that we impose on nature to help us organize things.(Marks, 2001) Dividing people into race categories has become a comfort factor rather than a matter of science.I think the long term consequences of many whites is that they will be held responsible for the creation of races as a concept and for the ways in which early scientists classified people by race. I also think that the tensions felt between peoples of different colors may be a long-term consequence of whites proclaiming superiority over all others either by direct actions or by inferences. Some Native-Americans blame the government for the situations of their modern tribes.As such, they fought and won the right to receive special treatment by the government by being taxed less and by having certain gaming privileges, and possibly by other means I do not know of, because of the way the whites that first came to America treated them. Some people of color are actively seeking reparations from the United States government because some of their ancestors may have been slaves of Americas early white residents.Because the government allows the Native-Americans special pri vileges, they are conceding that the early whites in America did something wrong, which I happen to agree they did. But, by continuing to behave as if whites and Native-Americans are separate races, even if only on forms and in certain minds, the race myth will not go away. If the American government concedes to reparations to blacks for something ignorant whites did centuries ago, we will be further drawing a line between populations of humans that do not need to exist.So, the early white scientists classified race before the information known about humans today existed. They created a world that believed their scientific theories because most people did not know any better. And after hundreds of years of believing what we were told as fact and not fiction, it may very well take another hundred or more years to dispel the myth of race.The sense of comfort that propels us to sort people into groups is also a case of fear overriding reason. The Ku Klux Klan could not exist with the f ear of other races, even if many racists would deny this. Just as there are many so-called white people who discriminate against blacks, Chinese, or other people, there are many non-white groups of people that discriminate against whites or other people different than themselves. A Chinese father may insist his daughter marry a Chinese man for the simple reason that he has accepted that they are of the same race, and a white man would not be, because that is how he has been taught throughout his life.Even if there were such thing as races of people, how would one define their race in a world where everybody intermingles? If a man marries a Chinese woman, what would their childrens race be? The government/school forms always ask that a person select only one race on certain forms. If their children put white down, they are denying their Chinese heritage. If they put Chinese, Oriental or whatever it is that a person of Chinese heritage would fit under, they would be denying another si de of the family. Why should any humans be asked to deny one part of themselves and embrace only one segment of who they are?The bottom line of the future is that governments and major scientific organizations often set the tone for how populations treat and understand the concept of race. Until governments and major corporations stop circulating the concept of race and until the concept of cultures are embraced rather than race, the separation of peoples by race will never be dispelled.Sources1) Diamond, Jared. Race Without Color. Discover 15.11 November 1994.2) Marks, J. (2001) Scientific and folk ideas about heredity. In The Human Genome Project and Minority Communities Ethical, Social, and Political Dilemmas, ed. by R. Zilinskas and P. Balint. Westport, CT Greenwood, pp. 53-66.

Technology and Modern Communication Technologies

Modern intercourse technologies such as mobile phones, e-mails and internet chat programs like the MSN Messenger have brought signifi erectt changes to our lives in recent years. Yet, there remains some disagreement as to whether the overall effect of this innovation has been positive or negative. Although there are valid arguments to the contrary, it is my principle that the majority of people in the globe have benefited greatly from these powerful and effective means of raw communication.To begin with, mobile phones and other tools of redbrick communication facilitate not only contact with friends and relatives in faraway places but also global dealiness. With the click of a button, the vast amount of information can be transmitted from America to China in just a few seconds. Further much, it is generally felt that the access to these tools of communication is available in every(prenominal) corner of the world. With a mobile phone or a laptop, a person can talk or send messag es online at a bus stop, in a corner shop or anywhere they could imagine.Therefore, it seems that these new forms of communication do bring a great deal of convenience to humankind. Nevertheless, opponents of upstart communications claim that only the more privileged are able to enjoy the benefits. They further point forth that the wide spread use of these efficient and effective ways of communication costs a considerable amount of money. Anyone who aims to use these innovations have to not only pay for the appliances such as a mobile phone or a computer but also cover up costs for communication services.Consequently, people who live in distress are less likely to be benefited from modern communication technologies. By way of conclusion, I believe that modern communication technologies will benefit more people in the future as the pace of life increases however, the have-nots cannot be ignored simply because they couldnt afford it. Modern technology has increased material riche s but not happiness To what extend do you agree / disagree with the statement? According to recent statistics, the number of people who are stressed by the influence of a modern lifestyle is increasing.While having to suffer quick developments in advanced technology, people are always busy at work. Undeniably, modern technology makes peoples standard of spiritedness higher, however, I am convinced that people will not be happy while they live in a modern society with modern technology all around them. First, technological advances, resulting in increased degrees of industrialisation, have changed a push-down storage of things in society, therefore, people living in that society have to suffer influences of these big changes, e. . , instead of working for eight hours a day and spending time with their families or going out to enjoy chatting over coffee with friends, people must be in their office and do a lot of work, maybe ten working hours per day, scour they have to take works to do at home and their meals are always fast food. Do you think is that a happy life? Moreover, modern technology makes peoples life boring, after working time people often sit by their computer to play games or reading some information on internet.That means they do not refresh their mind and by accident they turn their own into slave of modern technology. In fact, a lot of teenage get stuck in their lives, they think that there is nothing to learn and to enjoy because they know everything thanks to technological advances, thus, they choose the death for their solution. For all above reasons, I thoroughly believe that modern technology can not decide the happiness, it has improved peoples standard of living but not happiness.

The Rhetorical Strategies of the Scarlett Letter

Grayce Byrnes Mr. Smith AP English 11-Period A 24 September 2012 The Passion of ivory In the novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne depicts the hardships of a young girl named Hester obligate to live with the letter A pinned to her chest in penitence for her sins in a strict Puritan town in the 1800s. The illegitimate daughter of Hester carries the alike(p) traits and qualities as Hester, making Pearl a double of Hester. Hawthorne defines Pearl with his use of abstract diction, whimsical tone, and his selection of detail.Pearls character functions primarily as a symbolic character that stands for her mother and the ruby letter. Pearl becomes the Scarlet Letter brought to life. She is dressed in elaborate, scarlet garb as if to be a real-life scarlet letter. The narrator explains her as the scarlet letter in another form the scarlet letter endowed with life (Hawthorne 57). When Hester tries to discard the letter, she gets in a affright mode, as if Hester is actually discar ding her. The author neer really states the purpose of Pearl being the scarlet letter, but instead uses abstract ideas and prodigious vocabulary.Many people in the Puritan community believe that since Hester would not reveal the childs father, that he must be the devil himself. Pearl has an uncanny perception of what goes on around her and constantly is seeking for the truth. The connection of Pearl to the letter and her constant obsession with finding truth leads us to believe that the letter means truth. Her besides perceptive knowledge is almost supernatural. Hawthornes tone is one of a whimsical, mischievous, and capricious descriptions. Pearls main purpose seems to be to uncover the truth for the main characters.Once she completes her goal, A spell was broken. The great scene of grief, in which the wild infant bore a party, had developed all her sympathies and as her tears take flight upon her fathers cheek, they were the pledge that she would grow up amid human joy and sor row, nor forever do battle with the world, but be a woman in it. Towards her mother, too, Pearls errand as a messenger of anguish was all fulfilled(233). Her capricious emotions and the fickle opinions of the author make it hard for the reader to decipher if the child is the evil embodiment of Hesters sin or just the naivety and curiosity of a child.Overall, there are some striking similarities between Hester and Pearl. Even during Hesters pregnancy, she could feel Pearls wild, desperate, defiant mood, the flightiness of her temper, and even some of the very cloud-shapes of gloom and despondency that had brooded in her heart (50). These emotions correlate with Hester. Her wild, desperate and defiant mood is emulated done her betrayal of the puritans through her sin. Her temper, gloom, and despondency is felt from Hester because of her forced isolation from the rest of the town and marked as an outcast. Pearl is described as beautiful, imaginative, graceful, and impulsive.These trai ts are in like manner seen in Hester. Pearl is a character of mystery and has an almost supernatural essence to her. The author talks about her like she is more than human although we never know if she heaven-sent or from the devil because the author plays both sides of the argument. Pearl is a symbol of the passion that is within every human heart, and as the storey ends with her finding great success in Europe, she shows us that society should never define you. I Pledge My Honor That I Have not certain Aid on this Paper _____________________________________________

Explore the Claim That a Consumer Society Is Always a Throw Away Society Essay

Con stuber order is ace that creates desire and encouragement for greater amount of goods, services and peoples identification with brands. A broadside smart set is one that constantly creates waste for desire for b are-assed products. Nowadays, people self define in other ways leaning towards personal likes or dislikes such as music tastes, cars we drive or latest fashion accessories allowing people to feel a sense of belonging to particular groups in society As opposed to an Industrial society w present people were defined by class structure and their profession.This shift in culture offers us insight into how and why our relationship and values with fabric goods from buying to disposal helped form a consumer society and explore the claim Is a consumer society always a retain away society? To enable an informed evaluation I will introduce the following factors mass consumption in U. K. contemporary society, supermarkets positive sum reason and Baumans system of The Seduced and the RepressedGenerally when we think of consumerism our immediate thoughts are what goods or services we have bought images of bags brimming with promotional food offers, new clothes and shoes or maybe treated oneself to a new kitchen as the last one looked dated. Rarely does our natural cognitive mightiness allow us to start at the end of this process to consider the waste and disposal that is created from such mass consumption. Waste is a function of who we are. severalize in the social sciences, 2009, track 2) It is part of everyday life in that we all create a certain amount from daily essentials such as food its packaging, leaving the heating on or replacing household items. Notwithstanding the importance of eating, clothing ourselves and live in an environment conducive to health. iodine of the reasons for this change in attitude to failping something that was considered mundane and necessary is the rise in cornucopia over the past 50 years.The rise in affluence has co me about due to more(prenominal) women in the workplace so ouseholds now have a dual income therefore more of a usable income and the 40% rise over 17 years in employees earnings allowing people to have more money than ever before. (Brown, 2009, p. 110) Although difficult to stride the exact escalation in wealth we can see from total domestic outgoings that people now spend less on essential provisions and more on treats or what is referred to as luxuries and necessities In 1957, 33% of income was spent on food yet in 2007 this reduced by 18%.In short letter to a 16% rise over the same period for services showing peoples values and habits have changed with the prospect of having more money to spend on items that are non needed but essentialed. With more women in the workforce this places constraints on time to complete domestic chores or raise a family. brazen-faced kitchen appliances allow woman to enter the workforce this then generates greater affluence and income to suppo rt the purchase of yet more labour saving devices. Another better use of this valuable time is people visiting the supermarket.For some, supermarkets offer freedom of choice for others it limits choice only selling what it wants to sell. Supermarkets lure us in with offers that cannot be beaten buy one get one free or spend over ? 50. 00 and receive ? 5. 00 of your fuel. When you put it like that why wouldnt you want to be part of it? They sell an abundance of items from food, clothing to the latest must have gadget, credit cards and insurance most of which is cheaper here than if you were to visit separate stores buying items separately and of course you dont have the time to do this.Supermarkets claim to work on a positive sum power ethos. This ethos argues that all benefit from this action workers and farmers get a living wage and sell all their stock, consumers take shape purchase at cheap and affordable prices and supermarkets make profit. What is the alternative? The lowly paid worker does not earn a wage so is financially worse of? Or the farmer is left with surplusage perishable stock that he cannot shift? Meaning fewer customers as people take their money elsewhere. Therefore from a supermarkets viewpoint they are doing everyone a favour.So the consumer gets home unpacks the bags of food realising then that actually dont having anything for dinner or the time cook a real meal. Instead puts on newly purchased cheap outfit and new shoes throwing out the ones bought only a few weeks ago along with food wasted from last weeks shop and goes out for dinner with friends without a care in the world other than being complimented and showing of new outfit to friends. Not even considering the waste created from one day helps accumulate approx 6. million tonnes of food wasted a year amounting to over ? 400 squandered per household annually . The current attitude is I can replace goods cheaply and easily the important thing is that I fit in. (The Food We Waste (WRAP) cited in Brown, 2009, p. 106) Within Baumans theory society is divided into two categories The seduced and the repressed. Depending on factors such as employment, education, wealth, age, gender, individuals belong in one or the other. This is a contentious view and intentionally so as it evokes emotion and dialogue.Although it is not exactly accurate as some people choose where to shop maybe to support local businesses, not own a car for environmental reasons others are content with what they have and have no desire to conform. (Hetherington, 2009, p. 25) Given the title one would not adjure to fall into the repressed the majority of people will desire to be in the seduced camp as here anything is possible if you have the means. Being here gives access to the in crowd or keeping up with the Jones even if that means buying beyond your means.An example of this could be a child whose parents are unemployed, on benefits resulting in him not having the latest fashion trend or c ool trainers might be in the repressed category. Society forces pressure on the parents who succumb to the need of acceptance within a seduced society reinforcing Baumans theory. I agree with this claim about a consumer society but not the word always as it is a generalisation. The words mostly or sometimes are better suited as there are individuals and sections of society who consume conscientiously, aware of limited sustainability of natural resources.There are those who value recycling and others who acknowledge that happiness is not a direct link of material gain. The recession along with education are driving forces on peoples attitudes towards consumerism and waste firstly the disposable income to spend is no longer getable meaning people are having to make do with what they have and rethinking their current attitude. Secondly schools have to include projects as part of their curriculum exposing current and incoming generations to the existing issues and long term benefits o f such a valuable process.

“On natural death” By Lewis Thomas Essay

From the moment all life forms ar born, a expedition is begun to the mysterious quarters of the unknown and the unexplained. It is a journey to the one place all beings atomic number 18 not sure of and fear the most. Whether or not it comes from middle-aged age, remnant is a part of the natural cycle of life. In the quiz On Natural Death by Lewis Thomas, termination is the spectacle of human and animal existence. He explores the world of remnant utilise rhetorical writing style to effectively support his idea of death. By using parallel sentences and persuasive techniques such as logos, pathos, and ethos, Thomas is able to alter the perception of the creeping demon into an exotic ascertain.Thomas use of parallel sentences creates his mood about death and why it is dispositions job to help us through it. He points out in his essay that reading books on death causes a person to admiration how they give react when they encounter death. He seeks to assure the indorser by s aying that if you know not how to die, never trouble yourself Nature will in a momentinstruct you she will do the business for you (275). The idea of the unknown creeps in the back of human thought because people are not sure how they will handle it ergo they read books to prepare them for the unexpected arrival of death. With the use of parallel sentence structure, he emphasizes to the reader that they will be taken care of if they are faced with the grim situation by repeating the word you. This technique and word usage engraves the concept of death in the mind and makes the audience follow through the sentence confident that Nature will be there to assist them in the process.The road to death is a dreaded destination man and animal wish not to face alone. Through Thomas elucidation, nature is the mother that guides the individual and makes the journey a peaceful one. He creates his effective essay by using persuasive techniques such as pathos. Thomas illustrates that nature takes away the pain that accompanies death by telling a story of a field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household catwith pain beyond bearingall over his sensitive body (273). The mouse, at the gates of death, gets a shot of adrenaline, which dampened the mouses feeling of pain whilehe is dying in the cats orifice. Nature has created a security blanket that covers up the excruciating pain that causes death to be an unpleasant eff. He builds emotion by walking the reader through the mouses painful encounter with the house cat and his experience of death. He makes the audience feel the intensifying pain covering every(prenominal) particle of the mouses body until he dies.The mouses experience can be explained through reason and scientific analysis. Lewis brings out some other persuasive technique, logos, to prove his point of the dying field mouse. He starts by stating that at the instant the mouse is trapped between the cats teeth, peptide hormones are released by cells in the hypot halamus and the pituitary gland to cause no pain to the dying mouse. (274). Thomas use of logos brings the reader up to speed on the scientific definition of death and pain. It explains how the body reacts when faced with death and uncertainty. The authors explanation of the bodily defense mechanism creates logic and reason for the phenomenon that occurs.Whether or not death is defined scientifically or spiritually, death is the ultimate test of the endurance of ones character when faced with the decision to difference of opinion or flee. Thomas excellent use of ethos in his essay best illustrates the endurance of ones character. He extracts a part of another essay by Montaigne to show how death can be an experience that causes a person to rethink life. Montaigne, during a riding accident, was caused to rethink the natural process of death and how it felt to come close to it. Thomas quoted Montaigne to illustrate that in order to get used to the idea of deaththere is nothing like coming close to it (274). By using Montaignes near death experience, Thomas is able to achieve ethos. Thomas wanted to exemplify to the audience that death is an experience that is more then the end of a life, but the reevaluation of ones current existence.With the current thoughts and experiments of death, Thomas has successfully instructed the reader toward his direction of thought. By using persuasive language and rhetorical writing style, he made his essay a convincing argument that death is a natural and exotic experience everyone iseventually faced with. The persuasive style of writing like parallel sentences, logos, ethos, and pathos draws the reader into the essay and makes him understand the idea of death. The reader gets the impression that natural death becomes an extraordinary and exhilarating experience all beings are destined to face.

World Literature Essay

World Literature Essay In The Sailor Who heavy-handed from embroider with the Sea, Yukio Mishima portrays the intense and progressive development of his central character, Noboru, with the onset of adolescence. While the story takes place, particularly revolving near the interactions between Fusako and Ryuji as a couple, Noboru begins to embrace his adolescent nature and finds his own path in life. Adopting a lifestyle of objectivity, (49) the personal and external conflicts of Noborus life practically question whether his indifference towards the military man is reasonable (57).In his text, the authors treatment of Noborus sack evoke be examined on the terms of maturation, social conventions, and mental detailors in the deprivation of family dynamics. Maturity in life as well as in this tonic plays a huge part in the development of character. As humans envision the changes from a child to an adult, the period of adolescence is always one that cannot be forgotten. Rebelli ous nature and phases of lifestyle often occur which drives the youth to commit irrational actions.Thirteen-year-old boy Noboru has reached a milestone in his life where he faces challenges and additions to his life. Growing up under his m new(prenominal)s wing due to his become passing international years ago, he has bad indifferent towards the world and is convinced of his own genius which firmly mounts his principles (Mishima 8). building onto his development as a young adult, curiosity begins to implore Noboru to do the unthinkable in instances much(prenominal)(prenominal) as peeping through a hole that reveals his mothers room (Mishima 10).Witnessing affairs such as sexual inter flux between his mother and Ryuji, the at a time idealized sailor becomes a traitor to Noboru indeed disregarding everything he made the sailor out to be. As described by the forefront, maturity is outlined as perversion. This constant betrayal affects Noboru negatively and gives him no other op tion except to continue accept in objectivity as his prime source of logic that wont let him down. With a shift in mentality such as this, its not hard to accept the fact that his step towards maturity is one thats corrupted (Mishima 181).Besides natural phases and instinctive processes taking effective positions in Noborus development, his frequent gatherings with his cult are responsible for his quiet but violent nature. Social conventions with the syndicate and him alter his personality throughout the novel. In the beginning of the novel, Noboru begins to describe the life of an objectionist, one who denies subjective reality, curiously in perspective of adults, simply dismissing them as spurious and elusive (Mishima 8). With his belief in objectivity, he begins to get it on life in a different hue.For example, the slaughtering of the innocent cat as a test of stubbornness (Mishima 61) serves as a crucial point in that novel that offers a revelation to Noboru I can do anyth ing, no matter how awful. A realization such as this leads into bigger events in the novel such as the luring of Ryuji into his doom (Mishima 169). In doing so Noboru grows heartless, savage, and reconfirms his indifference towards the world. Psychology in this novel is perchance the biggest factor revolving around character development in The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea.From Ryujis transformation from a sailor to a father in the Summer and Winter parts of the novel to Fusako be a single mother turned married wife, its no doubt that Noboru changed as well. In the premise of the novel, Noboru is introduced as a thirteen-year-old boy living under a roof supported by his mother who owns a luxury boutique store. With his father passing away five years ago, Noboru has grown up only under his mothers influence (Mishima 8). Lacking the male figure that normally guides the boy, the struggle for happiness in Noboru has led to his adoption of objectivity in place of it.With no father figure play during his childhood, Mishima presents this as the foundation for Noborus ulterior motives later on in the plot. The deficiency of family dynamics is stark within this novel. With no authority being put upon Noboru, it allows him to be irrational and wild. However, since he is a self-proclaimed genius, his freedom is spent in silence that later transitions into his ulterior motives. With the introduction of Second ally Ryuji Tsukazaki into the life of the Kuroda family, it catalyzes character development.Fusako, Noborus mother, begins to rekindle her love life and later on marries Ryuji. Noboru on the other hand, idealizes Tsukazaki as liberal, masculine, disciplined, and without weak effeminate characteristics. With praise to Ryuji as his new male figure, it psychologically develops a sense of attachment and appreciation for him. Such instances occurred when Ryuji came back from his duties at sea and brought back a present for Noboru. Typically, the boy would be indifferent towards such a generous act given his nature but he responded in a sense of excitement (Mishima 102).With emotions conflicting inside Noboru, it develops a feeling of acceptance and reformats the family dynamics within the Kuroda household (Mishima 144). Ryuji, however, begins to grow soft due to newly being a father. This course of action labels him as a fallen hero among Noboru and his gang. With a brutal discussion about fathers such as fathers are evil itself, laden with everything ugly in Man, it presents the idea of making Ryuji a hero again (Mishima 136). A meeting like this with the cult of objectionists alters Noborus mentality further on into the novel.With a final betrayal from Ryuji due to the sailor acting in a fatherly manner, Noboru confirms that his once praised hero is hopeless (Mishima 158). This last test of redemption that fails leads to the disappointment in Noboru, following up with the chiefs plan to make Ryuji a hero again. The psychological f actors at play constantly remould within Noboru. With each betrayal from Ryuji, Noboru mentally notes them and his anger builds up within. When it finally reaches a maximum limit, Noborus objectionist philosophy is put into full initiative.The life of the once heroic sailor is ended with an ironic extremity (Mishima 181). In a gist, Noboru Kurodas transformation throughout the novel has simply been abominable. From the premise of innocence to the drear product of what he has become, the thirteen-year-old boy could not be blamed for his actions. Through being put in the onset of maturity while struggling with his social conventions as well as the ongoing psychological factors regarding his deficiency in family dynamics the corruption of Noboru in his coming of age is well described by Mishima in his novel.Yukios usage of death as being perfect (Mishima 61) provides an eerie atmosphere for the lecturer as his central character deals with the ire provided by his life. Brilliantly c omposed, Mishimas psychological analysis in The Sailor who fell from Grace with The Sea is one that is terrifically splendid. Works Cited Mishima, Yukio. The Sailor who fell from Grace with the Sea. New York City Vintage Books, 1965. Print.

Van Gogh vs Salvador Dali

train Gogh vs Salvador Dali The focus of the paper is to make a comparison and contrasts between van Goghs Starry Night and Salvador Dalis application of time. While Van Goghs theme formed the basis of expressionism in twentieth century, Dali initially became a leader of the Surrealist movement and later on real relates in psychology and science, both movements influencing their beliefs and formal approaches in classifiable ways. The Persistence of Time is regarded as one of the most famous paintings of Salvador Dali. The painting is rendered in yellow, faint brown and grim colors and has earned a world-wide recognition for Dali.Like Van Goghs Starry Night that shows typical moonlit scene in Saint-Remy asylums neighborhood where he stayed for more than a year during his last period of life, Dalis painting resembles Port Lligat, his home. Dali uses blond beaches and other imagery to which he had been exposed to as a child in his home town. analogous to Van Goghs Starry Night, the Persistence of Time could have several interpretations. Although, some could be more meaningful, others remain elusive. The table of contents of Dalis Persistence of Time are not only puzzling but open to interpretation.Contrary to Van Gogh, Dali was also a philosopher, besides an artist as mostly known. While VanGoghs was expressionist, Dali was initially a surrealist and later on developed interests in psychology and science. Persistence of Time is no more than a collection of theme that are cognition of time, reality, death, birth, and sexual desire. Orange clock placed on the rectangular table-like object is attacked by the ants show the perplexity related with time. This specific psychology as well as understanding of the reality of death could assemble the viewers behavior.Furthermore, Dali uses light in the painting, in contrast to Van Goghs Starry Night, for communicating themes of this painting. On the basis of the arguments presented in the paper, it can be conclud ed that Van Goghs Starry Night and Salvadors Persistence of Time although had some common aspects, themes of both Van Gogh and Salvador differ. While Van Gogh was an expressionist, Dali was initially a surrealist and later on developed interest in psychology and science, both movements influencing their beliefs and formal approaches in distinctive ways. Van GoghSalvador Dali

Girl’s dancing Essay

The failure of Parris to determine a cause for the girls dancing leads to another reveal character, Reverend Hale of Beverly. From the moment he enters the act, he is portrayed as a man of arrogance and over confidence. Yet, he seems embarrassed when monitoring device praises him, contradicting his exterior demeanor. In the early course of the reanimate, Hale is a force behind the conviction of supposed witches and he is continually probing tidy sum to confess. Like most of the other characters in the play, Hale himself is in addition afraid of the unknown, despite his experience with incidents of this kind in the past.He remarks that no matter what religious billet an individual may occupy, they may still be accused of dealing with the devil. In a top off contrast to the beginning of the play he appears uncertain if the girls are telling the truth, but is reluctant to raise his suspicions until the very end of the play. Tragically, his suspicions are told too late, as the trials no longer remain in his hands. His vacillation to speak what he actually believed in condemned many more people, which means that Hale is a key figure in showing how innocent people basin be convicted and murdered so tardily by the girls.John watch plays the most prominent role in the play, as Arthur milling machine in stages brings him into the affray as more and more people become convicted, one of whom is his wife, Elizabeth. Proctor is regarded as a strong figure in the society of Salem, yet his past life continues to haunt him however, as he has committed the sin of adultery with none other than Abigail Williams herself before the play. Once the trials begin, Proctor realises he can stop Abigails rampage through Salem, if he confesses to his sin of adultery.This would ruin his record in the society, so he is reluctant to confess. This likens Proctor to Reverend Parris at this stage, as he they are both invention on keeping their good reputations. Towards the end o f the play however, this changes as Proctor is prepared to lose his reputation by confessing to adultery and finding the truth. His confession arrives too late however, as the matters in the court study gone too far. This now likens him to Reverend Hale, as both of them form an invisible alliance in the courtroom, as both know that Abigail is manipulating the judges and is establishly lying.Proctor is as well portrayed as an un-Christian beingness in the mind of the court when Hale questions him about his Christianity. This lack of religious belief in him is a key factor in the court proceedings once Proctor is brought before them. However Miller creates sympathy with the 20th century audience for Proctor by creating hostility towards other characters. The sympathy is also shown at the end of the play when Proctor refuses to give up his name in order to take the truth.This gives the audience the impression that Proctor is a man of integrity and is willing to give up everything for the truth. enunciate Danforth is the key figure in the condemnation of the accused persons. He is, like Parris, portrayed as a man intent on keeping his reputation rather than finding the truth. He enters the play as the trials begin, having no background knowledge of what has gone on in the society before the trials involving Proctor and Abigail, and has no knowledge of peoples ways of thinking and attitudes towards others.These factors ultimately are the main reasons why people are convicted in Danforths court, and not because of witchcraft. During the court case in act three involving Proctor and Abigail, all the truthful evidence that Proctor gives against Abigail is ignored by Danforth, as he is easily flurry by Abigails lies. This shows that Danforth and the courts rightness is flawed. The flawed justice of the court is another clear reason of how Salems society is able to convict people so easily.He also expects people to side with the court by saying A person is ei ther with this court or against it. This shows that if you were against the court then you would be persecuted. During the case, his justice is frequently questioned, which angers him, as he is not used to having his justice questioned.. Danforths belief in the truth fluctuates, as there are points where he begins to doubt Abigails story such as where he studies Abigail for a minute. However, to wash away all of Danforths doubts Abigail pretends to have visions.This works on every occasion, and therefore proves that the courts justice is again flawed if it can be manipulated so easily by a mere 17-year-old Christian girl on a quest for love. The cause many people would believe of the outpouring of accusations and convictions in Salem would be Abigail Williams, but the detail that surrounds the events is immense. There are many different key figures surrounding the deaths and all play a large part in the events that took place after the dancin occurred.

Wind Power Cluster in Denmark

Microeco nary(prenominal)ics of Competitiveness Final Report The danish pastry tip vigor packing Warsaw School of stintings 13th January 2010 1. entryPage 2 PART I DENMARK 2. Country BackgroundPage 2 3. Per functionance of the danish EconomyPage 3 2. 1 patronage 2. 2 Budget and financial insurance 2. 3 Gross Domestic crop and Productivity ontogeny 4. bunch up composition in DenmarkPage 5 3. 1 History of plunk Policy in Denmark 3. 2 Todays Context 5. The Business surround in Denmark subject rhombPage 8 5. 1 Factor Conditions 5. 2 Demand Conditions 5. Re later(a)d and Supporting Industries 5. 4 Context for Firm outline, Structure and contention 5. 5 G everyplacenment the Influence of Macroeconomic Policies 5. 6 Institutions for coaction PART II THE DANISH WIND ENERGY CLUSTER 6. Historical cultivation of the gatherPage 13 6. 1 steer get-up-and-go in Denmark before the mid-seventies 6. 2 The danish pastry tinge nothing ball in the 1970s The First Hesitant Beginnings 6. 3 The danish Wind Energy Cluster in the mid-eighties 6. 4 The Energy Policy of the Danish Government since the 1980s/1990s 6. 5 The Cluster of Modern Wind Turbines since 1990 7.Description of the Wind Energy ClusterPage 20 7. 1 Vestas Worlds no. 1 Turbine Manu pointurer 8. Wind Energy Cluster Cluster adamantPage 22 8. 1 Factor Conditions 8. 2 Demand Conditions 8. 3 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry 8. 4 Related and Supporting Industries 9. strategic Issues Facing Denmark and the Wind Energy ClusterPage 28 10. Policy recomm breakations for the appropriate constituenciesPage 30 11. ConclusionPage 31 Bibliography Required Disclosures 1. Introduction This paper gives an insight into the Danish economy and rail line purlieu.Further more, it describes the clomp composition in Denmark and how the policies towards assembles squander changed in repenny eld. The core of the paper is the comprehensive analysis of the flex push roll up in Denmark where the meet is analysed with the utilisation of Porters diamond instance. Lastly, identification of strategic issues facing Denmark and the bullock vigor cluster go out be presented and insurance policy recommendations given. PART I DENMARK 2. Country Background Denmark is located in Union Europe between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea and has Copenhagen as its slap-up.Its population consists of approx. 5. 5 one thousand cardinal inhabitants whereof 9. 1% is immigrants and their descendants. The official language is Danish, but the level of English proficiency is very mettle slightly. The Danish institution was codified in 1848 and today the sylvan is governed by a parliament consisting of 179 members. The election period is quatern years but the prime minister can c alone an election at any judgment of conviction. Furthermore, Denmark has a constitutional monarchy with Queen Margrethe II as the head. The Queen is apolitical and only functions a representative for Denm ark.Denmark conjugate the EU in 1973 and has al charges seen it as a skillful place for economic coprocess, but Danes flummox been more reluctant towards the political integration resulting in Denmark staying pop bring out of the Euro. Denmark is known for its Scandinavian wel out-of-the-way(prenominal)gon model, which ensures a eminent level of re-distribution through tax revenuees. The model includes among other things the flexicurity system, which go forth be elaborated later (Ministry of outside(prenominal) Affairs of Denmark). 3. Performance of the Danish Economy Danish economy can surely be draw as a forward-lookingistic one, oriented primarily at serve ups.In equipment casualty of its resources, the economy depends to the great extent on human capital, which translates into a more labor-related approach towards business. With over 5. 5 million citizens, Denmark maintains a evidence low level of unemployment, roughly 2. 1%. All those indicators contribute to a pretty high standard of living. For this reason Denmark was ranked sixteenth globally in the Human Development Index, which reflects several aspects, much(prenominal) as live expectancy, cognition and tuition standards measured by literacy rate and standard of living. . 1 Trade Denmark has a high social support for free shift. Over 76% of the population perceives globalisation as a positive phenomenon (Time). Danish basic trading partners atomic number 18 the countries from European Union (70%), followed by the joined deposits. Denmarks high involvement in global trade is reflected in the ranking of trade per capita, placing the area on the 9th place globally, with the result of $17. 5 thousand of trade per capita (World Fact Book). Danish major merchandise foodstuffs are illustrated in the table below. accede 1 Danish major export commercializes in 2008 (Million DKK) Ger umpteen Sweden UK US Norway Netherlands France Italy Finland Spain 103. 4 85. 2 48. 5 35. 2 32. 3 26 . 0 26. 0 18. 0 15. 7 15. 0 Source Danish Exporters As far as exported replete(p)s are concerned, the principal products are food, industrial instruments and machinery.Furthermore, Denmark exports chemical products, furniture and pharmaceuticals. In terms of imports, raw materials and semi- producers, as fountainhead as consumer goods prevail. 3. 2 Budget and Fiscal Policy Over several previous years Denmark has been recording budgetary surpluses. However, at the same quantify the inelegant is facing a debt at the level of 43 billion DKK. Because of extremely low unemployment rate, the disposal has to be very cautious in increase their sp goal, as it may translate into dramatic hot up of the alone Danish economy (due to salaries increases).Under much(prenominal) conditions, the debt is expected to fall by 2015. Budgetary expenditures are financed primarily through high tax burdens. Denmark is by umteen described and perceived as a welfare state, which ensures many various social aids for its citizens. One of the most famous elements of the welfare sanctuary net is tax-funded healthcare and unemployment insurance. In addition to this, Denmark has a sanitary create pension system, embracing all citizens from the age 65.In order to finance expenditures, the fiscal system assumes almost a 50% tax rate, which is by far the highest one in the world (OECD Tax Database). 3. 3 Gross Domestic Product and Productivity Growth Denmark has a high level of GDP PPP per capita, which places the country on the 16th place globally. Moreover, according to IMF data, the country holds a rigid 5th position in the world in terms of its nominal GDP per capita (World Economic Outlook Database). The difference can be easily explained by a comparatively high level of prices in comparison with other benchmarking countries.Denmark has been facing a dull GDP developing for several years, which was disturbed by the global economic crisis. The crisis caused mainly an increase in the unemployment rate and drop of private expending. In addition to this, Denmark suffered under a significant decrease in exports, which naturally translated into problems with trade balance. Although it is clear that such conditions affected GDP growth, economists claim that Denmark has already embarked upon the recovery path. Table 2 Summary of Danish GDP per capita PPP in USD Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 GDP ($) 29637 30305 31766 33528 35672 37163 37304 36725 % change 1. 73 % 2. 26 % 4. 82 % 5. 55 % 6. 39 % 4. 18 % 0. 38 % -1. 55 % Sources Index Mundi root word on Danish Economy (2009) In spite of well-grounded economic growth in the preceding years, the country is perceived to induce a strong underlying problem with its future ripening.It is projected that Denmark will defy ivth-lowest productivity growth among OECD countries in the following years (Index Mundi, 2009). As well as this, heavy judicatureal transfer payments create an unhealthy situa tion for other parts of the economy. Therefore, they might to a fault translate into an assay in future growth. 4. Cluster Composition in Denmark Denmark is by far one of the most enkindle countries from the perspective of clusters. It was among the good turn one base ones to introduce certain ball policies and since that time it has been quickly developing in terms of the final composition.The country due to its triumph was too included in Porters Ten-Nation choose about the joining between international competitiveness and the existence and strength of clusters (Yettin, et al, 1992). 4. 1 History of Cluster Policy in Denmark The history begins in the early 1990s, when the Danish governing obstinate to implement first steps aimed at emergence of the cluster concept. The analysis, which was carried out at the beginning of the process, indicated several areas for win cluster development. These were food products, IT, bio-health and building.They were firstly defined as so-called Mega Clusters and then narrowed down in the late 1990s. At that time real clusters were defined, e. g. industrial object, aluminium processing or biotech. Despite these efforts, the government was sophisticatelessness choosing to proceed with an industrial policy, rather than a cluster-oriented one. The situation changed in the 2000s with the introduction of regional initiatives. That assumed strategic decisions being under pointn on the regional level, rather than on the central one. Thus, Denmark nowadays lacks a vivid gang policy on the national level.However, at the same time there are numerous regional initiatives that contribute to the process. All in all, the shift from governmental planning to the decentralized system proved to be worth the effort, as it significantly supported the development of a sound clustering structure in the country. 4. 2 Todays Context Clusters in Denmark emerge exclusively on the regional level. The country is divided into 5 admin istrative regions and 98 municipalities. Local political science are the trigger for respective(prenominal) cluster policies.Their ideas can be implemented independently or be supported by special agencies, that is to say the National Agency For Enterprise and Construction, The Danish Forest and Nature Agency, the Danish Agency for Science applied science and installation and the Danish Council for Technology and Innovation (Cluster Observatory). Apart from that, the policies involve also third parties in the yield process, which are companies, look into- and commandmental institutions and distributors of technological knowledge. Their cooperation is expected to result in a immense-lasting relationship, as well as knowledge creation.As far as certain clusters are concerned, the 17 regional growth environments were established in 2001. Depending on the geographical location of the region, the main clusters were assigned to specific places. They are illustrated in the table and figure on the next page. Table 3 Summary of Main Danish Clusters Growth environments commenced in 2001 Growth environments commenced in 2002 Furniture & Wood Fishing Wind postal code Foods Technology & IT Sub-suppliers bio engineering science Stainless steel Manufacturing Offshore Horticulture Transportation - Aluminium - Robot engineering science - Event economy - finance - Seed-growing Source Nordic Innovation Figure 1 Denmark Exports Portfolio by Cluster pic As far as challenges ahead(predicate) are concerned, Denmark unflurried has certain areas for improvement.First of all, the country has to baffle a strong accent mark on knowledge creation and development of competence environments. As most initiatives are planned and carried out on the regional level, such environments could serve as knowledge centers enabling cooperation of various players and clusters as a whole. Thus, it creates a huge responsibility for respective political science to move a s tep ahead towards twisting a sound net flow and cooperation on the higher level. 5. The Business Environment in Denmark National Diamond Analysis By using Porters Diamond Model as a mannikin the competitive strengths and weaknesses of the Danish business environment will be analysed. First it is nalysed how Denmark is performing on the four factors Factor conditions, bring conditions, related & livelihood industries and context for firm dodge, structure and rivalry. Then it will be analysed how the Danish government influences the contrary factors through macroeconomic policies and institutions. Lastly, it will be described how institutions support collaboration between the business environment, universities and the public sector. 5. 1 Factor Conditions Denmark is ranked no. 6 on base of operations in the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook. Especially the basic and technological stem is high whereas the scientific infrastructure in Denmark only reaches a place as no. 15. Wit h regards to education Denmark is ranked as no. 1.University and management education meet the needs of a competitive economy and the business community. Moreover, training of employees is a priority for companies which ensure that fag out become more specialised and stay up to date on innovation and developments indoors their area. Even though, it looks like there is no finger to put on education in Denmark there are several future challenges. In the future Denmark must raise the parting of human capital to productivity growth (OECD, 2009). With regards to the labour mart there has been a slowdown in labour productivity and a strong growth in wages, which guesss Danish labour relatively more expensive. The growth in wages has been reinforced by effective exchange rate appreciation.While the implore for labour is weak during the crisis there is still a need to raise labour provision in the future. A need that the Danes probably can non fulfil and it may therefore be necessary to attract distant highly-skilled labour. The current crisis has made it harder to lend money and the credit conditions in Denmark are tight at the upshot (OECD, 2009). 5. 2 Demand Conditions An example of how the character of the home demand has helped build competitive advantage is the environmental awareness of Danish consumers. This has led Denmark to be competitive in spite of appearance for example water pollution throw equipment, but also many other products related to the environment (Dess, et al. , 2004).The Danish consumers tend to be relatively demanding and quality-conscious. Furthermore, they like to boycott products if they nearlyhow get bad unseasoneds about the products (Agri-food Trade Service). This can ram companies to meet high standards and prod them to innovate and upgrade (Porter, 2008). The challenges for demand conditions at the moment are the cadaverous signboardhold wealth and the rising employment, which decreases the Danes purchasing index num ber. It is hard to say whether the demand conditions in Denmark create a good environment for businesses. It will be highly dependent on the specific business area. 5. 3 Related and Supporting IndustriesAs mentioned, cluster focus on a regional level has change magnitude and several topical anesthetic initiatives have been established (Nordic Innovation, Cluster Observatory). The continuous focus agency that cluster development have good conditions and this could also be an indicator for a high level of related and supporting industries. Though, it is hard to give a general picture about related and supporting industries in Denmark. The fact that Denmark geographically is a small country could lead to the thought that the small scale securities industry is not big enough to get suppliers to locate in Denmark. 5. 4 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry One of the main advantages for companies located in Denmark is the co-operative labour-employer relations and the so-c alled flexicurity model.When rights and forms of governance are highly-developed on the Danish labour market both trade couplers and employers associations are key players. Trade union density is about 74% and the density of employers associations is about 52%. The trade unions and the employers association agree that the flexicurity model is an advantage for the Danish labour market and the business environment. Flexicurity refers to the flexible Danish labour market and the high level of social security. The policy was first introduced in Demark in the 1990s as a result to high unemployment rate. First steps of capital punishment were initiaten in 1994 and concerned in-depth reforms of labor market, aimed primarily at decrement of structural unemployment, as well as introduction of solid welfare system of ruless.Companies can easier adjust to up and down turns in the economy because of easy hiring and firing as well as work time and wage flexibility. Trade unions accept thi s flexibility because its members are protected by the state, which provides them with high unemployment benefits and access to health services, education, etc. (Jensen, 2008). Owing to the flexicurity model, Danish economy cherishes now a low level of unemployment, as well as low social exclusion rates. However, the policy requires a trade-off of high fiscal burdens for citizens. Economic slack, weak exports and invalidated investment in R&D means that local anesthetic rivalry could be on a standstill (OECD, 2009). 5. 5 Government the Influence of Macroeconomic PoliciesGovernment through its policies must ensure an environment where businesses can gain competitive advantage. In order to ensure a execution capital market during the crisis the government has given guarantees to banks and its customers as well as capital injections. This has improved the capital market and given better access to capital for businesses. Because of the slow growth the Danish government has launched a Growth Forum, which will address the issue of productivity growth and how it can be improved. some other policy which helps creating good factor conditions for the Danish business environment is the strong labour market policies, which volunteer activation and training for unemployed as well as adjunct training for employees.In this way unemployed stay in touch with the labour market and it is ensured that their skills are up-to-date when businesses need them. Furthermore, labour market policies try to support international recruitment and to keep tribe on the job market longer before they retire to boost labour supply, which will be in high demand later on the crisis. Fiscal policy has boosted disposable income and demand by a major tax reform, which means tax cuts for households. Moreover, the government has released the funds from a special compulsory pension saving programme, which give households further liquidity (OECD, 2009). Furthermore, the interest rate is now the lo west ever at 1. 15 %, which are good innovatives for the households with a mortgage loan (Guardian, 2010).In 2006, the Danish government introduced a globalisation system for Denmark, which established a lot of new initiatives within education, look into and development, entrepreneurship and an innovate society. One of the aims of the strategy is to make Denmark more ready and open for global business (Globalisering, 2006). Furthermore, in 2009 the Danish government has launched several measures to abet a green growth recovery from the financial crisis. The initiatives include among others green transport, improved environmental performance of the agricultural sector and a home repair and renovation incentive to save vim (OECD, 2009). These strategies, policies and initiatives create a better environment for companies to compete in. Figure 2 picSource group analysis 5. 6 Institutions for Collaboration There are several institutions supporting and working together with Danish bu sinesses. Universities like the IT University of Denmark, skillful University of Denmark and Copenhagen Business School work actively with companies, trades and industries (ITU, DTU, CBS). Furthermore, the Confederation of Danish Industries as a representative for many industries also has close ties to dissimilar business schools and universities (DI). Invest in Denmark, a part of the Danish Ministry for irrelevant Affairs, helps foreign companies to locate in Denmark and create joint ventures with Danish companies (Investindk).Moreover, several knowledge centers like Innovation Center Copenhagen, Mind lab and Innovation Lab work together with companies to innovate and upgrade technology and business in Denmark (Innovation Lab). PART II THE DANISH WIND ENERGY CLUSTER 6. Historical Development of the Cluster 6. 1 Wind Energy in Denmark before the 1970s Due to the Denmarks bigger coastline, the climate is characterised by consistent and relatively strong cuts. The absence of oth er natural sources than range influenced Denmark to take a pioneers role in starting an effort to implement cut technology as basis for electrification and to experiment with it (Vestergaard et. al, 2004).The first writhemill in Denmark was mentioned 1259 in Flong. The modern pencil lead zippo utilization has a tradition that covers more than 100 years of look into in meteorology and current of air turbine manufacturing. In 1891 Poul La Cour, a Danish professor in natural science at the Askov ethnic music High School, and a team of scientist built the first roll out turbine funded by the Danish government. La Cour was swig on the results of two contemporary Danish engineers and scientists. H. C. Vogt and J. Irminger participated together with the American P. S. Langley in formulating modern theory on aerodynamics and lift drag with the purpose to experiment with enfold antecedent to product electricity (Vestergaard, et al. , 2004).In 1918 a fourth of all Danish rural st ations (120) used repeal turbines to generate power. subsequently the World War I the Danish interest in wind Energy waned, because of the sufficient supply of fossil fuel. The machines were rapidly outdated in 1920 only 75 turbines were left (Andersen, 1999). By the 1930s Denmark was ahead of many other countries in the wind turbine labor and turbines became traditional in the Danish countryside. La Cour gave courses at the Askov Folk High School so that it became possible to study wind energy for Danish wind electricians. Soon La Cour and one of his students became the most prominent manufacturers in Denmark. However at that time there was still no real international competition.One of the students in wind energy was Johannes Juul who attended La Cour? s courses in 1904 and later worked as chief engineer for a power company, SEAS. Juul started an R&D programme in wind energy utilization. This R&D effort formed the basis for his design of a modern electricity wind turbine buil t in 1957, which is today well known as the 200kW Gedser machine. The Gedser machine was installed in 1959 and was in operation until 1967 (DWIA, 2008). 6. 2 The Danish Wind Energy Cluster in the 1970s The First Hesitant Beginning In the 1970 there was an awakening green movement in the Western countries. This was encouraged by the first and second vegetable oil crisis in 1973 and 1979.Denmark which was enormously dependent on imported oil pursued an active policy of energy savings, increasing self sufficiency, and diversification of energy sources until the mid 1980s. Since then, energy policy has increasingly promoted the use of renewable energy to ensure environmentally sustainable economic development (Krohn, 2002). This increasing political focus on environmental protection and sustainable development provided the framework for the development of the Danish wind energy sector. The practical and technical development in the 1970s was first carried out by few entrepreneurs, tra desmen and people with high ideals about renewable energy. Christian Riisager was a carpenter from west Jutland.In the mid 1970s, he was one of the first who thrivingly designed a turbine to be marketed and connected to the grid. The turbine was a 15kW turbine which generated more electricity than the household could consume, the excess electricity went into the grid. The Riisager turbine was the basis for modern wind turbines with high towers and three blades. Riisager produced more than 70 turbines and later he established the firm Wind-Matic (DWIA, 2008). Karl Erik Jorgensen also started to make wind turbines in the mid 70s. In 1978, he teamed up with Henrik Stiesdal, a young student and worked on a three-blade turbine. In 1978 they developed a 30 kW turbine with an enhanced safety system.Vestas, which fabricate agricultural machines at that time, bought the turbine on a license and started in-house proceeds and development of wind turbines (DWIA, 2008). While these groundbre aking designs of small machines appeared politicians began to take interest in the new development. Partly because of the energy supply crisis, partly as a reaction to the popular opposition to nuclear power in Denmark. An incentives programme in the form of capital grants for installation of wind turbines (30% of installation costs) was established in the end of the 1970s and was dropped in 1989. In 1977 the Risoe National science laboratory which was originally established to research in nuclear power formed its ravish to wind turbine R&D.A measurement programme co-funded by the US department of energy was carried out by the Risoe National Laboratory (Andersen, 1999). Risoe also draw on a tradition on landmark layer meteorology and wind climate studies. The practiced University of Denmark continued the studies of aerodynamics and wind tunnel experiments, so that their research on wind climate, model laws, terrain roughness, and shelter effects formed the scientific platform fo r Risoe? s work on the Danish and European Wind Atlas which was initiated in the late 1970s. Risoe National Laboratory also occupied the approval job for different types of wind turbines (Andersen, 1999).In order to ensure that the government supported turbines also had a certain quality and safety, legislation on type approval for wind turbines was established. Today more than 100 scientists and engineers are working for the institution which has an important department in wind energy with considerable interactions with the wind energy community worldwide. Risoe? s work on turbine safety has been important in ensuring the reliability of modern wind turbines (Krohn, 2002). On May 4th 1978 the linkup of Wind Turbine Owners was formed, and the first Wind turbine guild or cooperative was established in 1980. 6. 3 The Wind Energy Cluster in the 1980sThe Gedser wind turbine itself was built and financed by the power company SEAS. In the early 1980s Danish power companies took early inte rest in wind energy and in king-size wind turbines and built two experimental machines, one pitch regulated and one stall regulated, of 630 kW each. however the cost of energy from the large turbines was so high that series manufacturing was not even envisaged (Krohn, 2002). Riisagers and other manufacturers success motivated some manufacturers of agricultural machinery to enter in the growing turbine manufacturing sector which provided shining commercial possibilities. Among these companies were Vestas, Nordtank, incentive (now reciprocal ohm Wind Power), Nordex, and later Micon (Krohn, 2002).The Danish Wind Industry Association, a non remuneration association, whose purpose is to promote wind energy at home and abroad, was founded in 1981. Manufacturers soon became members of the association so today there are more than 220 members across Denmark. The condition of receiving the 30% construction subsidy from the government was that the turbine had been approved by the new test station for small turbines set up by the Risoe National Laboratory. The Role of Risoe National Laboratory so changed from being that of a controlling entity to a more technology-mediating unit. In 1982 the test station issued the first combined load paradigm, which established that all wind turbine components had to be dimensioned for twice the load compared to the traditional norm.The result of this policy was that the Danish wind turbines gained the reputation for being reliable and spicy (DWIA, 2008). The Wind Energy Department of Risoe National Laboratory became worldwide known for its expertise with tight connections to the Technical University of Denmark and also increasingly connections with Aalborg University (electricity aspects). Gains of productivity thanks to the European Wind Atlas in the years 1980 1985 could be realised by better sitting of wind turbines. The Danish type approval certification scheme has been a very dynamic tool to foster better design procedures in wind turbine manufacturing companies.It has also been important in winning the confidence of professional investors worldwide (Krohn, 2002). In the early 1980s the State of California began a programme of supporting wind energy development. Danish manufacturers having the longest track record had already developed several generations of successively large machines in small series. The California market grow dramatically, allowing an enormous volume of production of wind turbines. The Danish manufacturers supplied thousands of turbines to the USA from 1982. Bonus, Vestas and Nordtank all participated in the wind flesh out launched in California until the market came to an abrupt halt in 1986. The problem was that manufacturers had become dependent on a single market.When the California wind programme ended in 1985-1986, a large number of the 20-odd manufacturers went bankrupt because they had few alternative markets for their products (Krohn, 2002). The economic collapse in the industry caused an elimination race in the following years. All the small manufacturers disappeared or were taken over by Vestas, Bonus, Nordtank, Micon and Nordex. Thus began a long haul for the remaining manufacturers, who then tried to broaden their market base to include several countries (DWIA, 2008). 6. 4 The Energy Policy of the Danish Government since the 1980s/1990s In 1985 the Danish government decided that nuclear power should not be an element of future energy supply.Beside the 30% subsidy of the construction costs for wind turbines which endured until 1989 the government began, since the mid 1980s, to push an active agenda with the aim to implement renewable and diverse energy sources (Meyer, 2007). In a 15 year plan for large scale implementation of wind-generated electricity countrywide the government pronounced the countrys goal of meeting 10 per cent of Danish electricity consumption by wind in the year 2005, implying an installed base of 1,500 MW of installed wind depicted object (Sharman, 2005). Danish government had very wide ranging powers for regulation of utilities. These regulations took many forms, including energy efficiency and demand-side management measures. co-ordinated Resource Planning was an integral part of the procedure through which the power companies obtained permission to install new generating capacity. other(a) measures included price and accountancy controls. The government had ordered the utilities to install four hundred MW of wind power on land to date. The first two orders of 100 MW each were already issued in 1985 and 1990. The latest seaward order for 200 MW to be completed before the year 2000 was issued in 1996. In 1998 a new order was issued for 750 MW of seaward wind power. The Danish energy plan Energy21 from 1996 set up a guide of even 4000 MW of offshore wind power in 2030 (Krohn1, 2002).To avoid disagreements between utilities and wind power producers over conditions for grid connections and tariffs, the Danish government introduced in 1992 regulations about the feed-in tariff, which was fixed at 85% of the utility production and distribution costs (Meyer, 2007). 6. 5 The Cluster of Modern Wind Turbines since 1990 In the early 1990s Vestas, Bonus (now Siemens), Nordtank, Micon and Nordex represented the wind turbine manufacturers in the Danish cluster. Most of them had a track record of more than 10 years. The size of the wind turbines grew enormously in a perpetual race to develop renewable energy which was capable to compete with the conventional technologies in terms of electricity output and price. At the beginning of the 90s, the mean(a) wind turbine had a capacity of 200-300 kW, which had grown to 1-2 MW in the late 90s.Successful domestic turbine manufacturers became world leading in the wind turbine production (DWIA, 2008). A service sector to maintain and repair installed equipment developed. The industry left, after further consolidation, two large manufacturers in D enmark, Siemens Wind Power A/S (owned by German Siemens AG) and Vestas Wind Systems A/S and several businesses which are involved in the industry and organised in the Danish Wind Industry Association. In 1991 the Vindeby offshore wind park candid and in 1995 the wind farm at Tunoe Knob, equipped by Bonus and Vestas. The offshore market compete a more and more important role for the cluster and 95% of the offshore installed turbines are of Danish origin (DWIA, 2008).In 2001 Danish wind turbine companies had a market share of 50% of the world market (Krohn, 2002). The percentage of electricity provided by wind power rose from less then 5% in 1995 to almost 20% in 2003. The total installed base of wind power was some 1,100 MW at the end of 1997. This made Denmark to the third largest wind power country in the world. All turbines were produced domestically. In 1997 there were 10,000 people employed in the wind power sector, a number that grew up to 23,500 in 2007. In 2006 the Danish W ind Industry Association created the Talent Factory to improve the career opportunities among engineering students (DWIA, 2008).More than 80% of the 6,300 wind turbines in Denmark were owned by energy co-operatives, or individual farmers. 150,000 Danish families owned wind turbines or shares in wind co-operatives in 2002 (Krohn, 2002). 7. Description of the Wind Energy Cluster Today Denmark hosts some of the worlds largest wind turbine manufacturers. Vestas Wind Systems, a truly Danish company is situated in Denmark (Vestas). Furthermore, German Siemens Wind Power and Indian Suzlon have established their global head living delineates in the country (Siemens, Invest in DK1). Also German Nordex (formerly Danish) and Spanish Gamesa have established singly offices and R heart and souls in Denmark (Nordex, Gamesa).These are big global players In 2008 Vestas counted for 19% of the world market, Gamesa for 11% and Nordex and Siemens 7% respectively (EcoSeed). Other smaller manufacturers are Norwin A/S, Wincon A/S and Gaia Wind Energy A/S. There is a strong branch of associations connected with wind energy and among them are the Danish Wind Industry Association (www. windpower. org), Danish Energy Industries Association and Danish Wind Turbine Owners Association. In 2007, wind energy in Denmark produced about 7,173 GWh. This corresponded to 19. 7% of domestic energy supply or to the consumption of about 2. 03 million Danish households, compared to 16. 9% in 2006 and only 1. 9% in 1990. In 2007, wind power capacity accounted for 3,124 MW (i. . 24. 1% the total electricity capacity), 424 MW being offshore wind turbines. In 1990 wind power capacity was 343 MW (Energy Statistics, 2007). Projections by the Danish Wind Industry Association estimate an increase of the periodical instalment of new capacity of about 17% by 2011, reaching more than 200,000 MW. As far as offshore turbines are concerned, 7,600 MW are expected to be installed by the same year (EREC). Wind turb ine manufacturing, maintenance, installation and consultancy services account for some 16,000 jobs in Denmark, while component supplies and installation of these Danish turbines presently create another 8,000 jobs worldwide.The global job creation of Danish wind turbine companies are substantially larger than these figures indicate only about 9 billion DKK (1. 2 billion EUR) is due to turbines manufactured in Denmark. The rest are manufactured in Germany, Spain, India, Italy, and the U. S. , i. e. in countries where there is a substantial home market (Krohn, 2002). 7. 1 VESTAS Worlds no. 1 Turbine Manufacturer As Vestas is the world leader on the global market for wind energy and one of the key drivers of the Danish wind energy cluster a short description of the company will be given. Vestas was founded in 1898 by H. S. Hansen, a blacksmith, in Denmark. He and his son manufactured steel windows for industrial buildings.In 1945, his son established the company VEstjysk-STalteknik A/ S, whose name was shortened to Vestas. In 1979, Vestas delivered the first wind turbines. Vestas have installed over 39,000 wind turbines in 63 countries on 5 continents. In 2008, Vestas installed a new turbine every three hours worldwide, generating more than 60 million MWh a year. Vestas has developed from a pioneer in the industry with a staff of around 60 people in 1987 to a global, hi-tech and market-leading company employing more than 20,000 people. Vestas reached revenues of EUR 6,035 million with operational margin of 11. 1% in 2008 and they got global market share of 19% (5,581 MW).Vestas core business comprises the development, manufacture, sale and maintenance of wind turbines. Their expertise in modern energy covers more than just wind turbines. They specialise in planning, installation, operation and maintenance. Their competencies cover everything from site studies to service and maintenance. Vestas is distinguished by a high degree of vertical integration. At the same time, production and sourcing are carried out as close to the market as possible. In 2008, Vestas unresolved the worlds largest research and development centre for wind energy in Aarhus (Denmark) which will house more than 900 employees (Vestas). 8. Wind Energy Cluster Cluster DiamondNow Porters Diamond model will be used to analyse the competitive strengths and weaknesses of the Danish wind energy cluster. 8. 1 Factor Conditions Factor conditions important to the wind energy cluster are the natural resource in form of wind conditions and the scientific base as well as human capital within the house of wind energy. Denmark has relatively modest to good average wind. Onshore wind resources are highest in the Western part of the country, and on the Eastern islands with coastlines facing South or West. The country has very large offshore wind resources and large areas of sea territory with a shallow water depth of 5 to 15 m, where sitting is most feasible. These sites offer higher wind speeds (Krohn1, 2002).The relatively good wind conditions have been an advantage in the past when the wind energy cluster was growing and still operated primarily in the home market. As the operations have gone global the Danish wind conditions are not so important anymore. In stark contrast to Germany, Sweden, the USA, Canada, and the UK, publicly financed R projects played a relatively minor role in initiating the early development of the Danish wind turbine industry. The early stimulus came in the form of investment grants, supporting market development for small scale privately owned turbines. Later, the Danish Government and the EU have financed a significant number of basic research projects, and given some support to development projects (Krohn, 2002).One of the reasons for Suzlon to establish its global headquarters in Denmark was exactly the specialised knowledge the country possesses. The chairman of Suzlon declared Denmark is global leader in know-how for wind-energy . That is why our global head quarter will be here. (Invest in DK1). On the educational front, the universities offer specialized wind engineer educations and the research centres offer various training courses manoeuvreed especially at the wind energy industry, for instance the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Wind Master Education Aalborg University Wind Master. plan College of Aarhus (IHA) has developed a specialisation in wind turbine construction with the main focus on mechanical components (DWIA, 2008).Risoe Wind Energy Department, University of Aalborg and University of Aarhus have jointly established a knowledge centre Danish University Wind Energy Training (DUWET) which offers a research based supplementary education for employees in the wind industry. DUWET collects wind energy knowledge and research and offers courses and specialist training for anyone in the industry. A consortium consisting of the research centres Risoe National Laboratory, Danish Hydraulic I nstitute (DHI), The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), and Aalborg University form a national power centre within wind energy research and thus a rattling part of the wind energy cluster. Therefore, the scientific base for the wind energy cluster is highly developed and provides the cluster with highly skilled labour. 8. 2 Demand ConditionsDenmark is somewhat unique among wind turbine markets, since the market truly grew out of a popular interest in alternative generating technologies, partly in opposition to the use of nuclear power, partly as a result of the energy supply crisis in the late 1970s, when oil prices skyrocketed due to OPEC action and political and military unrest in the Middle East. The well-organised Danish wind turbine owners have been a very important driving force for debugging and improving Danish wind technology in its earlier years (Krohn, 2002). Private individuals, either as members of wind energy co-operatives, or as owners of a wind turbine (farmers) account for more than 80% of the 5024 wind turbines in Denmark (DWIA, 2009). This number shows the strong interest of Danes in wind energy and their support for building new wind farms.The Danish home market is what created the modern Danish wind industry originally, and gave it the testing ground to sort out both wind technology and manufacturing technology. The openness and interest of the Danish consumers have definitely supported the demand in the early years of the cluster and pushed its development. Today few wind turbines are set up in Denmark compared to the world market and the local demand has lost some of its importance. 8. 3 Context for Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Danish energy policy has indirectly played an important role in fostering the commercial success of the Danish wind industry. The Danish energy policy for renewable energy has been a model for many markets in the world.In countries as close as Germany, France or Spain and as remote as chinaware or Ar gentina Danish support schemes for renewable energy have been copied and/or adapted to local circumstances. Danish long-term energy planning such as Energy 21 has been widely quoted throughout the world. One of the basic reasons why wind energy has such a prominent place in Danish energy planning is the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Kyoto Protocol Denmark has to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 21% in relation to 1990. The targets apply from 2008 to 2012 (COP15). More than one third of that target is being met using wind energy to replace coal-fired power generation (Krohn3, 2002). Thus, the Danish policies give good conditions for renewable energy companies.Denmark has introduced feed-in tariffs for renewable energy plants connected prior to 21 April 2004. Renewable energy plants induce the spot market price plus a subsidy to provide a guaranteed price of 8. 1 eurocents/kWh, applicable for 20 years from date of connection. Renewable energy facili ties connected after 21 April 2004 are getting production incentives. Wind plants receive the spot market price plus a 1. 3 eurocents/kWh production incentive which will be applicable for 20 years from the date of connection. Moreover, additional subsidies of 1. 6 eurocents/kWh are provided for new facilities that replace decommissioned wind turbines 450 kW and smaller (Porter, 2006).The Energy Agreement of 21 February 2008 contains an accusive of increasing the percentage of renewable energy to 20% of the gross energy consumption by 2011. In the projection, the renewable energy share in 2011 is 20. 5% (Energy Statistics 2007). Improvement of incentives to encourage the installation of wind turbines is among the initiatives which will follow up the political accord of 21 February 2008. The new act comprises the framework for overall local government planning for wind turbines and a guarantee fund of DKK 10 million to subsidise the financing of local wind turbine guild preliminary investigations etc. and a model for local co-ownership.In connection with onshore wind turbine planning, the government will enter into an agreement with the National Association of Local governance in Denmark on municipal planning for 75 MW each in 2010 and in 2011. In addition, work is being done on establishing a payment scheme which will cover neighbours to onshore wind turbines for losses in property values as a result of wind turbine installations. The continued elaboration of offshore wind turbine facilities will make an important contribution to achieving renewable energy targets. The work of offering two offshore wind turbine farms of 200 MW each or possibly one farm of 400 MW started in 2008 with a view to commissioning in 2012.In addition, work started on the updating of the offshore wind turbine action plan, which examines the location of new farms, the possible adjustment of the tender model, considerations of previous building adulthood and open doors with payment a s onshore turbines. Subsidies for new wind turbines will be increased to 25 oere/kWh for 22,000 peak load hours and 2. 3 oere/kWh in balancing costs and 0. 4 oere/kWh for the green fund (Energy Policy Statement, 2008). Rivalry can hardly be explained on a local level anymore as the wind turbine manufacturers have gone global and are operating all over the world today. In the earlier stage of the cluster, rivalry on the Danish market was tense resulting in many take-overs and mergers and ending with one single true Danish company, Vestas. 8. 4 Related and Supporting IndustriesThe background of the Danish turbine manufacturers was different from wind power companies in the U. S. , Sweden, or Germany. Names like Boeing, Lockheed, Westinghouse, MBB, and Siemens indicate a strong background in aircraft and generator manufacturing. Interestingly, however, practically all of todays remaining larger wind turbine manufacturers have a machinery manufacturing background rather than an aircraf t background. Although modern wind turbine technology resembles helicopter technology, the operating requirements are very different (Krohn, 2002). A number of industrial enterprises have developed important businesses as suppliers of major components for wind turbines.LM Glasfiber A/S is the worlds largest producer of fibre glass rotor blades for wind turbines, with an employment of more than 1,000 people. Danish manufacturers of electronic wind turbine controllers likewise have a very large market share worldwide. DanControl Engineering A/S, Mita Teknik A/S and DWC A/S produce controller and communication systems. Svendborg Brakes A/S is a leading vendor of mechanical braking systems. Also Danish subsidiaries of large international industries such as Siemens, ABB, SKF, FAG, etc. have developed businesses in the wind power industry (Danish Energy Authority, 2002). Other industrial service enterprises have created important businesses in servicing the wind power industry.For example companies are specialised in providing cranes for installations of wind turbines providing transport of turbines, towers and blades domestically and for export. Service and maintenance of the more than 6000 wind turbines in Denmark is carried out by the manufacturers own service departments. But also a handful of independent service companies have been established for instance DWP Molleservice A/S and DanService A/S. Moreover, there are also specialised service providers like banks (Ringkoebing Bank has specialized in financing wind power projects), insurance companies, engineering and management consultancies (Andersen, 2003). The major Danish consultancies in wind energy utilisation are BTMConsult Aps, E Data, Tech-wise A/S, SEAS Wind Energy Centre, WEA ApS and Tripod ApS (Danish Energy Authority, 2002). Figure 3 Cluster Diamond pic Source Team Analysis 9. Strategic Issues Facing Denmark and the Wind Energy Cluster Denmark is at the moment the leading centre within the field of w ind power. However during the recent years a significant change in technology and markets has taken place. Denmark is faced with the challenge to maintain its leading position in spite of growing competition from firms operating in lower cost countries, especially China. The wind energy cluster and the political system must assume a proactive position towards this change to ensure that Denmark will fix its position as unique value creator.Denmark must provide the most effective wind power that ensures its best integration in the accumulated energy system, so that Denmark in the future can still provide wind power technology to energy systems with a large proportion of wind power. The industrial environment is built on a foundation which consists of a significant effort in research and education as well as innovative development focused on environmentally sustainability. This field of wind power is influenced by cooperation and knowledge-sharing to find technological development tra cks. Nevertheless this foundation has been weakened regarding the cooperation within the industry, new technological tracks within the industry and education and recruitment.The Danish research-environment has a leading position within a number of areas, but great challenges in step with the rapid development of international markets put a lot of pressure of the Danish knowledge centre to hold on the talented researchers and students. In order to maintain the unique Danish position, an extraordinary effort must be put in. The strategic issues are centering on both, development of the wind power industry by improving wind turbines and effectiveness of wind power, and the improvement of the knowledge centre regarding research and education. As innovation and demonstration focusing on the testing of windmills has previously been one-dimensional there are strategic issues to mentioned, that recommend an accumulated strategy for esting and demonstration of components and turbine parts, wind turbines and wind farms and wind power plants in the energy system, so that the facilities cover the whole value chain. Creating one strategy for the whole value chain with sub-strategies for each of the three dimensions would strengthen the integration and the competitiveness of the wind power industry. Another important issue regards the research effort. The long-term university research and education should be strengthened by prioritisation of fundamental or generic technologies that are part of the development of wind turbines and power plants. This also considers the whole value chain, so from turbine part until integration of the wind power into the electricity supply system (e. g. urbine design, blades, wind loads and sitting, integration into electricity supply system and offshore technology). Including a roadmap and measurable criteria for every area, this strategy could be developed by using the existing research environment as a basis and build on the efforts from pr evious research. Especially offshore technology research should be strengthened and framework conditions for cooperation between research institutions and industry. This could be provided through common guidelines for the frames of cooperation. Following these recommendations, Denmark will be prepared to face the current challenges. 10. Policy recommendations for the appropriate constituencies National and regional authoritiesAs Denmark faces now serious challenges in terms of the development of their cluster structure, it is essential that respective authorities undertake significant steps in order to prepare the environment for sustainable growth. First of all, it is worth mentioning that authorities have to actively participate in funding of regional growth environments. As well as this, they should encourage and support the emergence of appropriate initiatives, especially in those regions, where other constituencies have already been mobilized. Clusters in Denmark have proven to be a sufficient and effective tool in innovation policy and therefore it is necessary to sustain and improve their presence.Next, authorities have to focus on building sound economic framework, in order to create investment-friendly environment. As inflow of capital is inextricably connected with Denmark clustering strategy, it is necessary to maintain an incentive-oriented structure of attracting new investors. That step is also crucial in case the authorities are unable to further finance certain projects. Therefore, respective responsibilities have to be shifted to private sector. Companies and trade associations With the emergence of clusters, companies are starting to play increasingly more important role. They should along with trade associations be able to clearly formulate their needs and be able to influence the authorities to implement them.As well as this, it becomes their responsibility to focus more on investments in innovation. That is why it is necessary for respec tive companies and supporting associations to work together in creation of competence and knowledge centers. Universities As far as academic involvement is concerned, universities specializing in certain arts should play a supportive role in development of clusters. It has proven to work in the past, as Copenhagen Business School provided companies with field research and needed theoretical frameworks. Therefore, the ties between academic and business world have to be tightened, so as to light upon a 360-degree cooperation of all the constituencies involved in projects. 11.Conclusion In this paper I analysed Denmark and its wind energy cluster. Denmark has a very stable and solid economy, but also faces some serious challenges in increasing productivity growth and educating and attracting human capital. Denmarks heavy tax burden might be a hindrance. The wind energy cluster is by the end of its growth stage in its life rack and now needs to innovate to keep growing. 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