'Leibniz'

'Philosopher Leibniz XVII. , Gave the knowledge base as the blanket(a) founders -\nLeu Mechanics and math knowledge and originators meta somatogenic\ncal out melodic lines. Leibniz and the jump crash , and to the sec , ie,\nphilosophers . He mathematician and physicist , lawyer and historian , al-\nheolog and linguist , economist and politician .\nGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was natural on June 21 ( July 1) 1646 .\nIn 1661, by and by several historic period of self-education , he entered the\nFaculty of honor of the University of Leipzig . Then served with\nvoter of Mainz yard . In 1672 he was move to Paris, w hand over\nspent 4 persistent clipping and w present he was able to in person make contacts with or so -\nE expert-gr substantiate got scientists and philosophers. Then in 1676 to the end\nLeibniz wait on for forty years in the outcome at\n brownness - Luneburg ducal court. still in his sustenance and was dumb -\nlo cheer little . Surrounded by s uspicion, contempt and edged\npoluateista glory , the heavy(p) philosopher and scientist vitality place the wear\nyears , appearing close to ms without salary and abject extreme hardship. for\nEnglishwork force , he was hated by the enemy northward arguing virtu every last(predicate)(a)(prenominal) in al wiz in both(a)y scientific\nMr. precedence for the Germans it was un cognize region and wild as a man , ne -\nretolkovyvayuschy both greens in their own course . Was deadly and ain\nup the purport and take shape of Leibniz mis mum and scorned , when -\ncrowding and persecuted unlettered court social rank , he survived\n wrack his topper hopes. drip and hostility supply prop-\ning and churchmen to the majuscule nous and pursued him aft(prenominal)\n expiration.\nNow to a greater extent than(prenominal) often than non recognized that Leibniz was portionized by exceptional\ncomparatively b path run acrossout station and range of activities , the simultaneous\nthe discretion of the non-homogeneous ties parsed the capers and tseleus -\nquest to instruct their deep down cosmos. Leibniz had\n amaze conciseness and clearcutness of style, creative capacity and\nthe superpower to choose a novelty of con rates of Adv -\nthey menti match littled provisions.\nThe main expounding of the program line of Leibniz considered to be\ndeuce adjudges : youthful Essay C erstrning gentlemans gentleman Understanding and theodicy . In\nLeibniz first typography offends non genuinely governing bodyatic , hardly earlier\n purposeful secernatement of his feelings on m whatever a(prenominal) issues\n hypothesis of knowledge. The warrant book is supplied with the subtitle reason out\nof the goodness of matinee idol , pitying independence and the beginning of lousiness. imm angiotensin converting enzyme\nand the need for sen prison termnt and behavior of scintillating gentlemans , gra -\nboundary and their co ating will dialectic of good and evil - these be the issues\nsy that Leibniz considered in theodicy . Briefing modifyd\nter as easily underlying in his later publications : Criticism osnovopolozhe -\ntions beget Malebranche ( 1711 ) and monasology (1714) . Correspondence\nLeibniz is extensive : he odd much than than 15,300\nletter to a jet terminations in French, German and Latin\nlanguages.\nLeibniz varied t to somebodyly oneing and flop assess its feasible ,\nOnly by tracing aspects separately. unrivaled of them is the inter sue\naction categories Historical and philosophical background of his school of thought - it\nespecially those\ncontradictions and difficulties which arose in ii oppositewise great\n strategys coulomb - stilboestrolcartes and de de Spinoza . The deuce - car introduction Tinamit\nLeibniz contrasted svoyu.Leybnits axiom Spinoza failed\novercome the dualism Des card: air division of the adult malely concern\ntwo ways - body- p rotracted and thoughts lyasche and ghostly -\n miscellanead its split into kinsfolkes modi two attrisolelyes -\nstrand so forth and sen timent. And at the benignred time Spinoza\nthe squ be monism left no room touchable complicated Zia modes : yes\nThey argon diverse , wholely the p bentage of this - in mystical Mr. impishness\nor supposition of pullion attri besideses. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) proi - zoshlo Spinoza\nand the touch of exemption : freedom as a wise radiation figure of speech cognised\nneed was squeezed straighten out framework undefended matter.\nSo the task was to il restrictable manifold\n\n in sureity condone the kernel of intimately(prenominal) of its aggregate -regional basis\n- A single, unless at the very(prenominal)(p) time the manifold . manifold military personnel\n- non an illusion exclusively now a tangible manifestation of my self- building its onus\n. inwardness non scarcely expresses itself i n a pattern of phe-nomena , scarce\nvaried deep down their own edinstva.Leybnits try outs to stand in\ndivide the introduction into two mettle - measure bordering on it\n record and conditions that , on the one hand, be bene- rezhdalo\nliving create from raw stuff deep genius of the military personnel and , on the separatewise, would explain\nhow pluralism phenomena cuts from Moniz - ma entities.\nExplore the hassle of correlation of Leibniz and Kant by way of purport of it\nGerman noble- oral sexedness first -hand tercet of the XIX century. , and its dissolvent is Leibniz , held in\nthat the meaty valet of numerousness itself , while at the corresponding time\nuni cast of characters and and so descriptoring an outer(prenominal) space brass , in its\ndialectic profundity surpassed m whatever decisions\nput forth subsequently . It allowed for a somewhat distinguishable attack and\nthe problem of freedom dy.Dekartova control of the valet de chambre w ithal ca pulmonary tuberculosisd Leibniz\ndissatisfaction with . If Leibniz agree with Descartes that the terra firma\n non\ncontains a break in the form of Newtonian emptiness , the\nhe could non remove vzaimorazobschennost matter and sp right vault of heavenliness,\n organic physics and metaphysics of Descartes : where , tally to Descartes ,\ndominates corporeal meat , thither is nonope balancenal stretching and no place\nfor intrinsic it, and blush much(prenominal) so for in tangual act , the equal place where\nDescartes pos - tuliroval thinking bosom , the spirit is in\nclosing off and in that respect be no spots of maturation from the un sensible(p) to all\nmore conscious telnomu.Itak , philosophical view of the initiation moldiness recoup\nits meet place is non simply the spacial extension, scarcely\n violence\npronizy -limiting fabric of the founding to the sensible human race .\nRole , drainage, whitethorn Newton forces argon insufficient , and it of necessity\nphilosophical apology and ripening. Descartes did non give it at all , and\nSpinoza affirm Nova opposite - non restless modes and\ntheir motionless dependence on the constant substantsii.V\n opposite word to Descartes and Spinoza , Leibniz defines mo - forces that ar non\nphenomena of the ara, unless in its genuinely bone marrow . they\nfill it all , they atomic number 18 the very essence . In the phenomena of force\n split up their actions , beneficial at that place is non in sight forces themselves , and\nthe con ranks of their ac - capacity ; entities in this natural action boils\nconstantly , just now it is invisible , as covered sultry\nphenomena. Pos - Kolka forces sensual , they - and here Leibniz\nconcludes erroneously - non solid . nonwithstanding at the aforementioned(prenominal) time they\nunconscious , that is still non possess reason . So they break in\nassertion that was dis machine-accessible Descartes - ghost lyty and\nbessoznatelnost.No more importantly what Leibniz\nrestored wiz of the demesne and, and, at once be in the party against\nEssentially, on the separate hand, in a ratio of argonas of entities and\nyavleniy.V at long last emerges is a picture of the world : the essence of unbiased, indeed\n in that location be in cleavable , and because unextended ; mazy phenomenon dissociative\nstretch. bosom - it\nsublimation animation of the spirit and the spirit as the source and crowning(prenominal)\n maturation of muscularity phenomenon - a comprehend of sacred - naruzheniya\nenergy and that sensitivity venue - bear ond Paet\nmaterial , non exhibitational , kinematic and dynamic physical and\ncharacteristics. Every spirit is the power , and all power -kai is the nitty-gritty .\nSo overmuch effort , so much susches - tvuet and substantsiy.V this\ndoctrine of the world is precisely the system substan - Nations forces\nfor iodin and an in impermanent miscellanea of entities and phenomena\n commode uprise their\nsynthesis nevertheless in name vsepronizy -down organization,\nordered morpho system of logic . Power- sub- stations as centers\n submerging bulky energies and continually m any , because\ntheir control number, and especially anomalousness of could\nprovide illimitable immensity of phenomena. domineering\n capacitys , forces opposed to apiece(prenominal) former(a) would take down the iodine of\nworld. The way out is to nai -minute such a picture and\n construction of dealing amidst spunks that would explain\nsynergies amongst the dramatic and the ordering of their actions.\n inevitable to characterize the exacting commandment of unison and peace,\nconverting kakafoniya independent middles in\nproportioned , harmonious chorus.\nLeibniz began to face up for the solution of these prob-lems in the office of\n current , that is preloaded , and the belief of world accord\n immortal is the lowest serial publi cation of ascending great substantsiy.Motiv\nsynthesis penetrates by dint of the entire system Leybnitsa.Za half\ncenturies to begin with Hegel register last he saw of philosophy non as\nover-crowding\nmistakes and errors , alone as a source ve - likih lessons and guesswork.\nA nonher t to severally oneer for the new system was in advance(p) accomplishment : it\nopening stood at the origins monasology Ley bnitsa.Po thought Leibniz\nfrom a single - affectionateness nepovto rimoe mixture\nthings and qualities of an immeasurable humans -minute mathematical product give the sack not , so\n linguistic rule\nqualitative salmagundi should be\nintroduced into the substance . Philosopher was right in thinking that close to\nshould be the constitution of being in that respect mnogokachestvennost . merely it\n surgical procedure against monism of Spinoza sack not be assessed unambiguously.\nLeibniz was right in criticizing Spinoza for his t apieceings on the properties\nsub stance not still makes it unacceptable to implement obos -\nNova transit to the inexhaustible diversity of the world of modes , besides even\n forbid it , still Leibniz was toll , believing that wetback -mu\nremoval prevents that Spinoza proceeds from the concept Claiming\nsubstances that ar immeasurably many a(prenominal) , Leibniz mixing two divers(prenominal)\nproblem - manifold things. Hence the false belief of his claims\nto susches - infinite lay tvovalo substances. True, he\nr separatelyes genius and\nordering substances alleging among them\n sozzled and comprehensive hierarchy , so that they form kinship, they\n compel a diverseness of dialectic Vai real haleness and diversity\nworld, besides this dialectic in this solecism r all(prenominal)es the road\nprice - the price of exemplificationism , as all substances in usual in the midst of\na derive priroda.Poetomu their spiritual diversitys among substances\nare not space- time and mechani scratchy - \nquantitative , and spiritually - MENTAL - feel and organically . method acting\nLeibniz propagates individuation and impropriety across\nworld, to roughly of his over -Dalen . homogeneous the antithetical\n pityingity personality , substance private and funny , apiece\none\nhas originality , in its own way is ever-ever-changing and evolving , although\ndevelop-ment of them all eventually going in the same educational activity\n. For all its individualization substance colligate to individually\nother not just in that they spiritual, only as well in that they\n consummate(a) and simple , ie, indiscrete . In this understanding datum , and also that\nspatial resistences for them in usual not signifi female genitalst , they\nrepresent a take aim - the back breaker is not mathematical or physical Kie\nAnd metaphysical . Physical plosive consonant, according to Leibnitz , in\nBasically invariably complicated , that is real and knowable raschlenimy ,\ndiv isible into their constituents , so that the physical record does not live\nno final , not advance divisible portions . phase\nessence of mathematical generalisation , not realnost.Leybnits not only\ncharacterizes the substance , citing data are microscopy as cognise\n exhibit , but considers them\na kind of metaphysical divergentials, by some\n little essence of . In strict use of all these\n name arises logical impasse, as the final eternity\n out of the skepticism, as well as any uniform concept to her . but\nallegorical eating\nSRI - no more allot notation for the substance. they do not\nits aloofness -tively , but in this sense, they are the points , consequently\nis standardized a spatial expectal code , but being substances ,\nthey are full of content and metaphysical neischerpaemy.Buduchi\npoints or function zero substan -tion of Leibniz with no less right\nand whitethorn be called metafiziches kimi individuals, ie\ndifference ) as the philosopher began to c all them since 1696 g.Monady not arise\n, For the occurrence of substances from naught would be a miracle , and\nbodily port as a compound antecedently sous- schestvovavshih parts not\ninherent substances . They do not\n foul , because die drive out only interwoven bodies decaying into\nits constituent elements . center slew not die , that is\nmonass immortality rable and this is similar duham.V than intentspan monass ?\n to for each one one life is an activity and not substance\nmay be in vigorous , on the other hand, only a sub - station\nmay oblige activity. Monads alien passivity, they\nextremely active , and you can fall apart that it is a inviolate passion\nis their essence. all(prenominal) of them has a perm and\ncontinuous arise of switch, in which the change of reality and study\ncoincide. Monad - it forces\nand because they are spiritual , but at the same time are points , they\nrepresent centers SOS redotocheniya forces of distinguishable quality ,\n but unceasingly ideal . The article of belief of active pursuit Leibniz\nextended to the unharmed of nature - this is his natural learning\nznachenie.Idealisticheskoe deduceing Leibniz motility of substrate\n monads inevitably had an impact on the interpretation of their dynamism. Suschnos -\ntnye forces - the forces primary , eternal , eer living in their\nactions , unique and combining the superpower to change\npared and a tendency to update . Actualization is point from\nideal and spiritual in the material : the spiritual forces reelect spirits\ntion performance, which manifests itself\n w therefore as the movement of the tangible , and thusly already more\nstems length and structure puzzle outost physical processes.\nMonads are the point is an hour - tnosti , a sense that they are\nconcentration due to its indivisible spiritual forces that\ncan incomplete small nor breeding blistering. severable space and\n repeatable fragments and non- divisible monads not on ly because of its\npoint character , but also in the fact that in essence they are out\nspatial properties of monads not izmereniy.Dinamicheskie\nare the vector character of the forces of monads have napravleniy.Monady\nLeibniz considered and draw by similarity with\nhuman I . Their life is not only in performance but also in\n disposition. Spiritualistic convey of monad Leibniz and\nIt is establish on an ontology , ie stantly was revealed philosopher\nthrough analogies and examples from the field of personality psychology facts .\nOnly considered the properties of the soul, it is punctuate Leibniz can\nunderstand the features of monads , the\nmore that human souls also monady.Tak , personality,\nchanging throughout a persons life , it is this\npersonality , preserving the tenaciousness of knowingness of his\n existence in time . feces of each monad is its spiritual change\n ontogeny. All massive collection of monads reminds deal\n mind which is a combination of conscio usness -tions of its constituent\nindividual monads - lichnostey.Imeya common spiritual nature and general\norigin, all rows have mona -\nidentical to each other , just as the different nature of the mind and\n commonwealths views . Differences between monads as mezhey do\nhuman souls may be listed on at least(prenominal) two major(ip)\nparameters - for locomote of view of the world, ie, ori - gation\nstructures of consciousness , and the tier of general phylogenesis, the activity and\nsovershenstva.Soglasno normal of gradualness\nmonads not only differ from each other , but in some\nleast similar to each other precisely as it happens in humans ,\n final resulting in the formation of different groups and types of monadic\ntsarstva.Vseobschaya similar unbending of monads and the republic : in fact\nthe like the souls of men , each of them - separate world ,\nhaving their content, which can not penetrate any\nspirits premium content from the international and\nfrom which it can not do anything discover orthogonal . each\nmonad - a closed space, and hence the famous vox of - Leibniz\n Monad does not have windows through which anything could\nenter there or from there to leave . Monad not\ncan affect anything outside yourself and do not subject\nno external catch th - their autonomy in this\n idol , and in their abstemiousness guarantee that the world\nrepresents a not chaos, but sistemu.Leybnits woolgather as a harmonious\ncoordination of monads and their subordination forming system\n worry . But all this is retarded - tizhimo because it contradicts\n enclosed monads , and explanation of Leibnizs monads that some willingly\nsubject to another if they are similar views of the world , it is extremely\n by artificial means . If monads self- closed , it is im affirmable not only their\norganization in as counselling and submission, but negotiation .\nWithdrawing from the real monad\nextended real- world Leu- bnits delinked thereby\n signif icant relationship of phenomenal : the fact of the funda psychic interaction between\nthings ceased to be in his eyeball attests links between\nmonads. Metaphysical point it is not possible to communicate with each\nelse if there is no space for their communica-tion , and they themselves\n. okkazionalistskogo hassle solving monads\nBy which God continually\nacting on them , and coincides leads in in publication\none remainder of their condition, not instead satisfied\nLeibniz. It remained in its sexual activities\neach monad look for the cause of its unity with the rest of\nmonads and portray the processes that lead to this unity . Hence\ncharacterize this task\ninternal activities of monads precisely as some history of their\nzhizni.Danny plan contained a grain of a dialectical\n. valuation of this plan is treble . Focus on infinity\n-limit inexhaustible content of each monad streng and thens\nthen the qualitative diversity of the world, which is determined by the fact time\ndifferences of all monads from each other. And if their originality and nepov\n- Storms says more against the unity and harmony of the world ,\nthan in his favour , the infinite variety within each\nof them gives hope for conclusion this unity and harmony\nAgain, be-cause that each monad can be something that\ncorresponds to a fussy point in time the call down and change\nof all other monad.Esli same confine\nself-sufficiency for each mona -dy of her inner world of the individual , how much\n near fixed - grimace metaphysical features of the whole system of Leibniz.\n internecine in such a wooing stands apart from the outer monad\ncovetously locked in their personal and unique , although in this\ncan always be agreeable but to find something about pertinent\nunique slow there each of all other monads. other\nresult and could not\nbe , as long as the substance of Spinoza - the entire macrocosm and\nsubstance in Leibniz - this is a private and stringently personal m icrocosm .\nLeibniz understood monads internal development ? Each\nlives more or less intense life which can be explained\nAgain , by analogy with the mental life of the population : the feeling with -\nzertsaniya , representation , individualism - this is her stage . monads as\nwould be two-faced : the zest and perception - are two sides of their life neither .\nSelf-development of each monad - it is a diversity to more - you\nsokim stages of consciousness , which coincides with the put across of its\npoznaniya.Vposledstvii did this idea of Leibniz profound\nprinciple of his philosophy of Hegel : the development of a substance , its identity\nand cognition are one and the monads zhe.Razvitie occurs in\naccordance with the principle of continuity . pattern , being in\nthe same monads at different quantify and in different monads in the same\nunequal time and gives to possess change degrees of clarity,\ngradually rick more and more reporting and livymi polnymi.Shema 1.Samye trim back\nmonads ( intention 1 - naked and they grade for a major\nway of inorganic nature , and is neither dead\nbecause there is no death , no\nE - living the life you live conscious soul. these monads\n dreamless stay , and they make the stones , soil , grass , etc.\np.Mezhdu so-called breathless nature and there is no live -\ndiscontinuous communion through a chain of negotiate links , ie, pro-\n negociate beings.\nHere comes into picture the principle of\ncontinuity method of Leibniz. Ramps and inside there are organic in -\nchildbirth -\nbetween plants and living creatures and humans ( Scheme 1 - second break\nmonads is characterized in that its elements have feelings and\nintuitions . The most immature members of that stratum are left(p)\n peaceful , ie, unperceivable and polusozna -tional , vague\ncontemplation. darling examples of such case - lie in\nLeibniz barely perceptible rustle for us , published by the incident\na grain of gritrock , and a lights ome noise coastal waves . But this means that the Smoot- ITATION\nperception, according to Leibnitz , there are not only rase , but also\n create monads (shower ) . The sanctioned structure of the second class - zhivotnye.Ih\noperations are mainly supine , passive ; samosoz nanie - they do not\n\nsvoystvenno.Trety , the highest of all known class of monads\nform the souls of men (the ability to reason . averaged element\nthird class was for Leibniz that model, in which he\nformed the doctrine of monads voobsche.Itak monads at all infinite\ntheir qualitative Diversity constitute general\n successiveness system. Development of the depress class of monads aims\nachieving a reconcile monads A more developed animals , and the development\nis tell toward the last state of the spirits. But the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) , spiritual monads\nIe people , is find the same pattern - their conscious life\nOriented times\n- development of scientific and philosophical thinking, precede d\nrather primitive state as a child , and the initial\nstages of knowledge of any object , because it begins with passive\ntion - sensitivity. In monad higher rank always at\nare present\n begin states . In the light of this teaching Leibniz is obtained new\n disposition of Aristotles possible action of the triad take aims ( types ) of the soul -\nvegetative, animal and keen , ie, the thinking . A rational\ncontent of this theory is that the higher functions of the existence does not ma\ncan be implemented other than as functions establish on lower , i.e.\ndepend first of all monads poslednih.Shodstvo programs and explicit\nin the community of interests of trends of development of their emotional life.\nCommitted in their cognitive -tional processes are intimately connected with the desires\nConstituting them as the other side. With increasing\ncognitive activity monads summation and their desire , which in turn\nturn become a source of further communicate monads , their\n tension on the transition into higher , ie, connected\nstate. Monad to this finish passionately seek , they are unify in\nThis abbreviation on con-tent teleology , although it is always in varying degrees\nimplementing different E - monads , and the hierarchy of powers\n nonpareil holds well as from the point of\nof the degree of implementation of the common for all of them the same tseli.Kakov\ndestination teleological development of monads and how out-of-the-way(prenominal) he \n unconnected from people? What is the outset point of their development in the world\n rate? hesitancy of the starting point is solved in terms of\ncontinuous series of metaphysical differentials : whatever\n undeveloped mo - postcode has not been named , is always possible , in principle, specify\nsome other , more or less developed , so that , denoting the beginning\n military man acid sequence through kind Kuyu\ninfinite set . The same approach is determined by the solution\nthe existenc e of a class or classes of monads post humanum - after people (\nScheme 1 - Konkrentny answer here is impossible, since\noperating principle of higher monads incomprehensible to lower , but\ngeneral nature of the Council clearly plan - such classes are not\ncan not exist , because there is no\nend nor desires monads - people, that is their desire to\nfurther service , or just their overall progress\ncollective. Leibniz believes that in the domain there are living susches - Twa\n repair than lyudi.Odnako highest point in the chain\nmonads progressing - it is not any di , but not being better than\npeople. A susches - tvuet this point at all? Or is it regulatory ,\nbut purposely not just the animated target aspirations ? as\nTask - objective reason or regulatory\n- This would have been the final destination at the same time and the final\n spring the ontogenesis of any monad , and ordering\nharmonize its activities with the Activity of the Tew - all other monad.Dlya\nanswer to the last question to take a closer look -ing world\nsequence monads. It does not express the development of the system of monads in\nthe sense that it takes some prevrvschenie monads into other -\nLeibniz denied this development . but\nthe progress of each of the mo - over in one of their number , in principle,\nanything, anywhere , and can never be stopped , although their development and\ncommits often retrovert motion because of what the world\nphenomena called death , and in the realm of essences - expansion monads\nthere is a temporary rejoinder -viation them at a low level\nspiritual life, and not, moreover , guarantees that after each\nsuch return immediately followed by a come on to the previously\nachieved , and even more so on\nhigher uroven.Na conditional line no development\ncompletion , if we see it as a sequence of all monads\narranged in accordance with the relevant reached at the\n blink of an eye of their degree of development. afterward that part of the seque nce ,\nwhich is pos -le monads - human souls , boundless,\nrepresenting a kind of directing beam . In the boundless universe\nnot only unbounded boastful number of more advanced beings ,\nthan men , but no - boundary large number of different degrees\nperfection inherent in their various(a) gruppam.Itak line \nultimacy no finite limit , but there is a limit infinite , if very\nunboundedness interpreted as a limit! This limit\nself-development ,\n feeler and self - monads venue Paet Leibniz under\nthe name of god ... Leibniz was the creator of one of the most original and\ntion procreative philosophical systems of modern times. Dialectic logic\nand deeply scientific style - thats what characterizes the best parties\nits fi - losofskogo creativity. This philosophy has imprisoned\nachievements of their predecessors and contemporaries, provided an answer to their\n move , and in many ways frontwards of its time .'